THE F-TEST

ANALYSIS OF
VARIANCE(ANO
VA)
THE F-TEST
The F-test otherwise known as the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is
used in comparing the means of two or more independent groups. One-
way ANOVA is used when there is only one variable involved. The Two-
way ANOVA is used when two variables are involved: the column and
row variables. The researcher is interested to know if there are significant
differences between and among column and row variables. This is also
used to determine if there is an interaction effect between the variables
being analyzed.
 Like the t-test, the F-test is also a parametric test, which requires that
the samples are normally distributed and that the data are expressed
as interval or ratio. This test is more efficient than the other tests of
difference
ANOVA (ONE WAY)
 Example 1. A certain grocery store is selling 4 brands of soap. The owner is interested if there is a
significant difference in the average sales for one week. The following data were recorded.

Perform the analysis of variance and test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance that
the average sales of the four brands of soap are equal.
 STEPWISE METHOD
I. Problem: Is there a significant difference in the average sales of the four brands of soap?

II. Hypothesis:
Ho: There is no significant difference in the average sales of the four brands of soap
Ha: There is a significant difference in the average sales of the four brands of soap
III. Level of Significance:

df = (k-1) and (N – 1) - (k -1) = 3 and 24

IV. Statistics: Analysis of Variance (one-way)
(see attached result of data analysis)

V. Decision Rule:
If the p value is less than or equal to 0.05 level of significance, reject Ho (app/add-in)
VI. Conclusion: The computed f-value is 13.72 with degrees of freedom of 3 and 24 at 0.05 level of
significance. The p-value of 0.000 is less than 0.05 level of significance leading to the rejection of the
null hypothesis. This means that there is a significant difference in the average sales of the four brands
of soap. It implies that among the four brands, Brand B has the highest average sales.
ANOVA TABLE (ANALYSIS TOOLPACK)

ANOVA

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Between Groups 126.3929 3 42.13095 13.71705 0.000 3.008787

Within Groups 73.71429 24 3.071429

Total 200.1071 27        
 MANUAL COMPUTATION Steps in Solving for F-test (One-Way ANOVA):

 Calculate the following:

A B C D
1. Correction Factor,
CF = = = 1068.893
8 64 10 100 2 4 4 16
5 25 12 144 3 9 6 36  
4 16 9 81 5 25 7 49 2. Total Sum of Squares, +++
7 49 8 64 6 36 9 81
TSS =
8 64 7 49 4 16 3 9
5 25 10 100 3 9 4 16
4 16 11 121 3 9 6 36 3. Between Sum of Squares,
41 259 67 659 26 108 39 243 BSS=
BSS = +++ = 126.393
=
4. Within Sum of Squares,
n1 = 7 =
n2 = 7 WSS
=
n3 = 7
=
n4 = 7
 ANOVA TABLE (MANUAL)
Analysis of Variance Table

F-Value
Sources of
Sum of Degrees of Mean Squares
Variation Computed Tabular
Squares Freedom

Between Groups
126.393 k-1=4-1=3 3.01

(N-1)-(k-1)
Within Group 73.714    
27-3=24
N-1=28-
Total 200.107      
1=27
ANOVA TABLE