PRESENTATION ON

OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION

PREPARED , EDITED AND CHECKED BY : VIKAS KUMAR SINGH B.TECH. 3RD YEAR ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION DEPARTEMENT UNDER THE KIND AND SUPPORTIVE GUIDANCE OF: MRS. ANANYA KARMARKAR ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

OF Cables

Optical Fiber

THE PRESENTATION
What this presentation is all about?

This presentation is about giving a broad idea about the concepts of Optical Fiber and OF Cables, (OPGW, Lashed cables, ADSS, Under Ground & Duct Cables ) without going into the deep technicalities. So that as and when OF is being discussed the person who has attended this presentation is able to understand and follow the discussion.
Brief Flow of the Presentation.

1. What are Optical Fibers? 2. Advantages / Disadvantages of OF. 3. Various Types of OF Cables. Their Construction , Specifications etc 4. Some Test Equipments & Instruments used in OF Communications.

 Underwater, the

light always shines down steeply, even when the Sun is low in the sky The whole sky appears in a limited round area called Snells Window
Image from seafriends.org.nz

in a stream of water stays inside the water and bends with it This was first demonstrated in the 1840s
Light

 There

is a critical angle at which no light can be refracted at all, so 100% of the light is reflected
Light is trapped in the water and

cannot escape into the air This works with any dense medium, such as plastic or glass, the same way it works with water

HISTORY REPEATS ITSELF

FROM ANCIENT GREEKS

TO

21ST CENTURY

WHAT ARE OPTICAL FIBERS ?

Optical Fibers are thins long (km) strands of ultra pure glass (silica) or plastic that can to transmit light from one end to another without much attenuation or loss. The glass used to make Optical Fibers is so pure that if the Pacific Ocean was filled with this glass then we would be able to see the ocean bottom form the surface.!!!! This is to be believed as repeater distances on long haul routes for optical fibers vary from 50 to 150 km.

Q.) And how deep is the Pacific ocean? Ans) At the deepest point called the Marina Trench, The pacific ocean is all of just 13km deep..!!!!!

Working of Optical fibers?

The light source (LAZER) at the transmitting (Tx) end is modulated by the electrical signal and this modulated light energy is fed into the Optical Fiber. At the receiving end (Rx) this light energy is made incident on photosensors which convert this light signal back to electrical signal.

Why Optical Fibers ?

As mans need and hunger for communication increased, the amount of bandwidth required increased exponentially. Initially we used smoke signals, then horse riders for communicating. But these ways were way to slow and had very little bandwidth or data caring capacity. Then came the telephone and telegraph that used copper wires for communication. But soon demand out striped the capacity and capability of copper wires and data transport got added to voice communication. Then came Coaxial copper cables, VHF and UHF Radios, Satellite but demand still outstripped the supply. It was not until Optical Fibers came on the scene that large amount of communication bandwidth became economically and easily available to everyone. As an example 50,000 voice / data circuit copper cable is massive in size and very expensive, while a single Optical Fiber, the diameter of human hair, can carry 5,00,000 circuits of voice and data. This capacity is increasing day by day as supporting electronics is developing. In itself the capacity of Optical Fibers is limitless.

ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBERS

1. 2. 3. 4. VERY HIGH INFORMATION CARRING CAPACITY. LESS ATTENUATION (order of 0.2 db/km) SMALL IN DIAMETER AND SIZE & LIGHT WEIGHT LOW COST AS COMPARED TO COPPER (as glass is made from sand..the raw material used to make OF is free.) GREATER SAFETY AND IMMUNE TO EMI & RFI, MOISTURE & COROSSION FLEXIBLE AND EASY TO INSTALL IN TIGHT CONDUICTS ZERO RESALE VALUE (so theft is less) IS DILECTRIC IN NATURE SO CAN BE LAID IN ELECTICALLY SENSITIVE SURROUNDINGS DIFFICULT TO TAP FIBERS, SO SECURE

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. NO CROSS TALK AND DISTURBANCES

DISADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBERS

1. The terminating equipment is still costly as compared to copper equipment. 2. Of is delicate so has to be handled carefully. 3. Last mile is still not totally fiberised due to costly subscriber premises equipment. 4. Communication is not totally in optical domain, so repeated electric optical electrical conversion is needed. 5. Optical amplifiers, splitters, MUX-DEMUX are still in development stages. 6. Tapping is not possible. Specialized equipment is needed to tap a fiber. 7. Optical fiber splicing is a specialized technique and needs expertly trained manpower. 8. The splicing and testing equipments are very expensive as compared to copper equipments.

APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL FIBERS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. LONG DISTANCE COMMUNICATION BACKBONES INTER-EXCHANGE JUNCTIONS VIDEO TRANSMISSION BROADBAND SERVICES COMPUTER DATA COMMUNICATION (LAN, WAN etc..) HIGHT EMI AREAS MILITARY APPLICATION NON-COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS (sensors etc)

Plant" fiber optics are used in telephone networks or CATV "Premises" fiber optics are usedin buildings and campuses Just like "wire" which can mean lots of different things - power, security, HVAC, CCTV, LAN or telephone - fiber optics is not all the same.
"Outside

is harder to install than 100 Mbps copper Ethernet cable But fiber is MUCH faster, so the infrastructure wont need to be upgraded so soon
Fiber

And gigabit Ethernet is harder to install

LAN

copper cable is delicate. It only has a 25 pound pulling tension limit and kinks will ruin the high speed performance
Fiber has more strength and greater tolerance to

abuse than copper wire

Presented By The Fiber Optic Association 2004, The Fiber Optic Association, Inc.

Presented By The Fiber Optic Association 2004, The Fiber Optic Association, Inc.

 The

light in the fiber can burn your retina NEVER look into a fiber unless you know no light is present - use a power meter to check it The infrared light is invisible

 When

you cleave fiber, there are small scraps of glass produced. These scraps are very dangerous! The cleaved ends are extremely sharp and can easily penetrate your skin They are even worse in your eyes, mouth, etc.

optic splicing and termination use various chemical adhesives and cleaners Follow the instructions for use carefully Isopropyl alcohol, used as a cleaner, is flammable
Fiber

SPECIFICATIONS OF OPTICAL FIBERS

SINGLE MODE OF MULTI MODE OF

COMPARISION WITH OTHER MEDIA / TECHNOLOGIES

(Optical ground wire) ADSS (All dielectric self supported) Underground (burried) type Aerial figure 8 type Lashed type Duct type
OPGW

Optical Ground Wire Stranded Tube

Specifications of UNDERGROUND / BURRIED type OF Cables

Specifications of DUCT Type OF Cable

OTDR SPLICING MACHINE OPTICAL TALK SETS

MECHANICAL SPLICE TOOL KIT

POWER METER,

LASER SOURCE, ATTENUATOR

Presented By The Fiber Optic Association 2004, The Fiber Optic Association, Inc.

 Furukawa  Fujikura  LG

Cables  Corning  Philips-Fitel  Pirelli  TTL  Sterlite Cables

Thank You
For hearing so patiently. n really sorry if commited some mistakes