ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE

TECHNOLOGIES

Name: Shruti
Choudhary
Class : XII-B
Roll No. : 12208
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) includes medical
procedures used primarily to address infertility.
This subject involves procedures such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intra-
cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), cryopreservation of gametes or embryos,
and/or the use of fertility medication.
When used to address infertility, ART may also be referred to as fertility
treatment. ART mainly belongs to the field of reproductive endocrinology and
infertility.
Some forms of ART may be used with regard to fertile couples for genetic
purpose (see pre-implantation genetic diagnosis).
ART may also be used in surrogacy arrangements, although not all surrogacy
arrangements involve ART.
The existence of sterility will not always require ART to be the first option to
consider, as there are occasions when its cause is a mild disorder that can be
solved with more conventional treatments or with behaviours based on
promoting health and reproductive habits.
 I. INFERTILITY
Infertility is a disease of the male or female reproductive
system defined by the failure to achieve a pregnancy after
12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual
intercourse.

 Infertility affects millions of people of reproductive age

worldwide – and has an impact on their families and communities.
Estimates suggest that between 48 million couples and 186 million
individuals live with infertility globally. 
 In the male reproductive system, infertility is most commonly
caused by problems in the ejection of semen, absence or low levels
of sperm, or abnormal shape (morphology) and movement (motility)
of the sperm.
 In the female reproductive system, infertility may be caused by a
range of abnormalities of the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, and the
 I.a. REASONS OF INFERTILITY IN MALE
1. Oligozoospermia : Low Sperm
Count

2. Azoospermia : Absence of sperms

in semen

3. Asthenozoospermia : Low sperm

motility

4. Teratozoospermia : More
defective sperm morphology

5. Impotency : Erectile disfunction

(failure of sustained erection of penis
for insemination)
I.b. REASONS OF INFERTILITY IN FEMALE
• Annovulation : Absence of
ovulation

• Irregular Menstrual Cycle

• Oligovulation : Irregular ovulation

• Cervicitis : Inflammation in Cervix

• Failure of Fimbrae to collect

ovum from ovary

• Defective Vaginal growth

I.b. REASONS OF INFERTILITY IN FEMALE
• Congenital malformation of
Uterus

• Anti-sperm Antibodies in Female

• Non-Cannaliculisation of
Fallopian Tube : Blocked Fallopian
tube(s)

• Fibroid Ovary: Excessive collagen

fibre in ovary inhibiting rupturing of
graffian follicle

• PCOS
 INTRA-UTERINE
INSEMINATION
Sperm that have been washed and
concentrated are placed directly in the
uterus around the time the ovary releases
one or more eggs to be fertilized.
The hoped-for outcome of intrauterine
insemination is for the sperm to swim into
the fallopian tube and fertilize a waiting
egg, resulting in pregnancy.
It is mostly done if male is suffering from
Oligozoospermia, Aesthenozoospermia or
Impotency or female is having irregular
menstrual cycle, semen allergy or other
unknown factors leading to infertility.
 IN-VITRO FERTILISATION
1. Ovarian Stimulation
Hormone Therapy 6. Intra-Uterine
2. Sperm Collection Embryo Transfer

3. Intra-Cytoplasmic
Sperm Injection

The embryo is implanted

into female’s uterus
stimulate the growth of follicles.
Female is given dose of FSH to

4. Fertilisation
After ovulation, the egg is
collected from oviduct.

5. Zygote Development

The Zygote is allowed to develop upto a week, so that

it gets ready for implantation