Theoretical Approaches

to Group Facilitation
Adlerian Theory
Alfred Adler
• He hates Freud
• His older brother, Sigmund, was his childhood rival
• Like Sigmund Freud, his little brother died when they were
young which motivated him to conquer death by becoming a
physician.
Individual Psychology
• People are born with weak, inferior bodies – a condition that
leads to feelings of inferiority and a consequent dependence
on other people.
• Therefore, a feeling of unity with others (social interest) is
inherent in people and the ultimate standard for
psychological health.
5 Tenets in Individual Psychology
1. People strive for superiority
2. People’s subjective perception shape their behavior and personality
3. Personality is unified and self-consistent.
4. The self-consistent personality develops into a person’s STYLE OF
LIFE that is molded by our CREATIVE POWER.
5. The value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of
SOCIAL INTEREST.
Final Goal
PERSONAL
SUPERIORITY
• If the child grew up in a
pampered lifestyle, the final
goal would remain
unconscious, vague and
misunderstood. The child’s
behavior that will be
developed is centered to
oneself rather than society.
SUCCESS OF
HUMANITY
• If the child grew up in a
loving and secured family,
the goal will become
conscious and clearly
understood. Children strive
toward superiority defined in
terms of success and social
interest.
Person Centered-
Theory
Carl Rogers
• He wanted to become a farmer, then wanted to become a devout
Christian and eventually did not do both.
• He ended up becoming a clinical/educational psychologist
• More of a therapist than a theorist
• He did not want to create his own systematized theory but was
pressured by his contemporaries to do so.
• As a child, he was extremely shy and eventually become more
socially skilled
• He served as APA president (1946-1947)
Overview of Person-Centered Theory
• Follows an if-then framework
• If certain conditions exist, then a process will occur, then
certain outcomes can be expected.
Roger’s Basic Assumption
• Formative Tendency- Rogers believed that there is a
tendency for all matter, both organic and inorganic, to
evolve from simpler to more complex forms.
• Actualizing Tendency – the tendency within all humans
(and other animals and plants) to move toward completion
or fulfillment of potentials.
Roger’s Basic Assumption
• Formative Tendency- Rogers believed that there is a
tendency for all matter, both organic and inorganic, to
evolve from simpler to more complex forms.
• Actualizing Tendency – the tendency within all humans
(and other animals and plants) to move toward completion
or fulfillment of potentials. (our main motivation in life)
Self and Self-Actualization
• Infants begin to develop a vague concept of self when a portion of
their experience becomes personalized and differentiated in
awareness as “I” or “me” experiences.
• Self-actualization- the tendency to actualize the self as perceived in
awareness.
Self-Concept
• Includes all those aspects of one’s being and one’s experiences that
are perceived in awareness (though not always accurate) by the
individual.
• Self-concept must be congruent to organismic self or real self.
Organismic or Congruence Self-Concept
Real Self
Organismic or Incongruence Self-Concept
Real Self
Self-Concept
• Experiences that are inconsistent with self-concept usually are
either denied or accepted in distorted forms.
• Ideal self- is one’s view of self as one wishes to be. The ideal self
contains all those attributes, usually positive, that people aspire to
posses. Pag sumobra “mataas masyado standards mo sa sarili mo”
• A wide gap between the ideal self and the self-concept indicates
incongruence and an unhealthy personality.
Barriers of Psychological Health
• Conditions of Worth – they perceive that their parents, peers or
partners love and accept them only if they meet those people’s
expectations and approval. (conditional positive regard)
• External Evaluations – our perceptions of other people’s view
• Incongruence- this happens if the organism and the self are not
aligned.
• Vulnerability – people are vulnerable if they are unaware of the
discrepancy between their organismic self and their significant
experience.
Barriers of Psychological Health
• Anxiety and Threat – Whereas vulnerability exists when we have
no awareness of the incongruence within our self, anxiety and threat
are experienced as we gain awareness of such an incongruence.
• Defensiveness – in order to prevent this inconsistency between our
organismic experience and our perceived self, we react in a
defensive manner.
• Disorganization- most people engage in defensive behavior, but
sometimes defenses fail and behavior becomes disorganized or
psychotic. (depression or worse schizophrenia)
Conditions of Therapy
• Counselor Congruence – congruence exists when a person’s
organismic experiences are matched by an awareness of them and
by an ability and willingness to openly express there feelings.
(Sa’yo muna. Dapat totoo ka muna sa sarili mo)
• Unconditional Positive Regard – positive regard is the need to be
liked, priced, or accepted by another person. When this need exists
without any conditions or qualifications, unconditional positive
regard occurs.
Conditions of Therapy
• Emphatic Listening- empathy exists when therapists accurately
sense the feelings of their clients and are able to communicate these
perceptions so that clients know that another person has entered
their world of feelings without prejudice, projection or evaluation.