Fluid Mechanics

ENGD2107 D

Lecture (1)
The Equations of Fluid Mechanics-(1)
By: Dr. Abdalellah Mohmmed
 Definition of a Fluid

 A fluid is a substance which cannot withstand shear forces without continuous

motion
 Hydrostatics

 In all fluids, the pressure must increase with depth in order to

support the weight of fluid above.

 For the element shown in this figure (if we assume the

pressure vary linearly).

 Hence, the net vertical force due to the pressure (↑):

 The weight of the fluid is pointed downward and obtain by:

 Hydrostatics
 We can now equate these two terms
 Hydrostatics

Things to note:
•
This is the general
equation which applies
to both incompressible

Increasing pressure
(constant density) and
compressible (varying
density) situations
•
The incompressible
form can be recovered
by integration:

Constant density only

 Archimedes Principle

 The fluid is assumed to have constant density

and to be stationary

 Considering an elemental tube, we can

complete this integral by integrating
over the bottom alone

Positive indicates what?

 Horizontal Force
 Horizontal forces can arise, however, when a solid body separates one fluid from
another.

 Pressure-area force:

 We can then find the moment by integrating the local force with the moment arm
 Conservation of Mass

 It is a scalar equation involving the scalar (dot)

product of the area vector and the velocity
vector.

 If the flow is incompressible

 The momentum equation

 The momentum equation for fluids is a direct consequence of Newton’s 2nd Law

Momentum flux out-Momentum flux in=Net force on control volume in that direction

Rate of change in momentum = change of momentum flux = m 2U2 – m1U1

 The momentum equation

steady momentum equation

 Note this equation is a vector equation

Flow around a bend
 Jet engines

 Flow is sucked into the front at position 1 through the fan.

 Heat is added in the engine and used to run a turbine, providing the energy both to drive the fan
and compressor stages and the kinetic energy of the jet exiting at 2.
 A jet is exhausted at 2. This has a lower area and density (as a result of the heat addition) and
thus the velocity is higher.
 By conservation of mass the mass flow rate is the same at 2 as it was at 1.

Assume constant pressure at the engine inlet and exit

 Hydraulic jumps

when there are no frictional effects or solid bodies to change the momentum

It’s expected that the drop in momentum to be balanced by the net force on the
flow caused by the rise in depth (which can be integrated to give force) which
opposes the flow.
 Wakes

 consider conservation of mass flow rate first

 Wakes

 consider momentum equation

 Bernoulli's Equation

 An approximate relation between pressure, velocity, and elevation.

 The Bernoulli equation is valid in regions of steady, incompressible flow where
net frictional forces are negligible(inviscid).
Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation
Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation
Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation
Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation
Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation
Physical Interpretation