Perspectives on

Translation Kinds of Translation

Types of Written Translation
• What is Translation
• What is Translator
• What is Translation Theory
 Translation: “science” or "art”?

Art
Science The main emphasis is on
literary translation. The
Seeking to create some kind of “objective”
quintessence of translation as
description of the phenomenon.
an art is, if anything, even
more patent in literary text.
 What is Translation?

Larson, 1984
Translation is transferring the
meaning of the source language
into the receptor language.
transferring a written text from
Hatim & Munday,
2004
Translation as “the process of Bell, 1991
Translation is the expression in
source language (SL) to target
language (TL) another language (TL) of what
has been expressed in another
(SL), preserving semantic and
stylistic equivalences.
 Semantic and Stylistic Equivalence

“Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a

representation of an equivalent text in a second language.”

Source Language Text Target Language Text

(SLT) (TLT)
Semantic & stylistic
 Semantic Equivalence Stylistic

My Heart Will Go On

SL: a magnificent Sapphire ring.

TL: Sebuah cincin yang indah.
 Rules: description & prescription
Constitutive rules: Regulative (normative) rules

• That the translation should give a complete transcript “it seeks to constrain the activity by reference to

of the ideas of the original work. predefined norms of behavior which are often assumed

• That the style and manner of writing should be of the rather than explicitly stated.

same character with that of the original.

• That the translation should have all the ease of Example:
• Do not end a sentence with preposition.
original composition.
“You are the one I am thinking of”
Translation: product & process

• Translating: the process (to translate; the

Translation
activity rather than the tangible object).
• A translation: the product of translating
Product Process
process (i.e. the translated text)
• Translation: the abstract concept which Psycholinguistics

encompasses both the process of

Sociolinguistics
translating and the product of that process.
 What is translator?
“Translator is bilingual mediating agent between monolingual communication participants in two different
language communities”

When taking turn as the sender, each is obliged to:

Monolingual Communicator Translator

a. Encode into the language use by the sender. For the translator, the encoding:

b. Encode messages which are different from a. Consist of re-encoding into a different language

those received, and b. Concern the same message as was received

c. Transmit them to the previous sender. c. Is aimed at a group of receivers who are not the
same as the original sender.
 Memory, meaning, and language
“memory contains more than ‘records’ of the past experience; it also has plans for action on the basis of what
we know and what we have done.”

Memory + Language = Meaning

Sensation

Receiving stimuli from the outside

world through senses.
Perception

The process of organizing and

interpreting sensory information
 The Communication Process

Monolingual communication

Translation
 Translation Process

• The process of transformation (SLT – TLT) takes place

within memory.
• The analysis of one specific text (source, SLT) into
universal (non-language-specific) semantic
representation
• The synthesis of that semantic representation into
second- language specific (target, TLT)
 Translation Theory
Three possible theories depending on the focus of investigation:

A theory of translation as a process (i.e. a theory of translating)

require: study of information processing, such topics as: perception, memory, encoding
& decoding messages.
*draw heavily on psychology & psycholinguistics

A theory of translation as a product (i.e. a theory of translated text)

require: study of text ( merely syntax & semantics), but making use stylistics and
recent advance in text linguistics and DA

A theory of translation as both process and product (i.e. a theory of translating and
translation)
require: integrated study for both (the long-term goal of translation studies)
 Kinds of Translation

Idiomatic
Literal Translation
Translation
 Literal Translation

• Also known as word for word translation.

• Form-based translations. SL:

• It attempts to follow the form of the source language.
Literal Translation
• Useful for the study of source lg 
• Help speaker who interested in the
meaning of SLT 
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I
I took the one less traveled by
----
TL:
Dua jalan bercabang di sebuah hutan, dan aku
Aku mengambil satu itu jarang jalan oleh
 Idiomatic Translation

SL:
• Meaning-based translations.
Akhirnya, keduanya pun saling jatuh cinta
• It makes effort to communicate the meaning
----
of SLT in the natural form of receptor
TL:
language.
They soon fell in love with each other.
 3 types of written translation
1. Intralingual translation: translation within the same language, which can
involve rewording of paraphrase.

2. Interlingual translation: translation from one language to another,

3. Intersemiotic translation: translation of the verbal sign by a non-verbal sign,

for example music or image.
Reference
Basil Hatim, J. M. (2019). An Advanced Resource Book (Routledge Applied Linguistics). 9–25.

Bell, R. T. (n.d.). Roger T. Bell- translation and Translating.

Hatim, B., & Munday, J. (2019). Translation: An advanced resource book for students. In Translation: An advanced resource
book for students. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429266348
THANK YOU