LIVING IN THE IT ERA

by: Anne Lorraine J. Pineda

Information and Communications Technology:
An Overview
◦ The term technology presently includes advancements in communication and how information is
handled, thus enabling governments, organizations, industries, and ordinary individuals to
improve on their decision-making, business processes, and everyday living.
◦ The need for devices, such as mobile phones, laptops, and tablets, is identified in all instances.
This fact is perhaps due to the human need to "belong.“

"Belongingness Hypothesis" - people have a basic psychological need to feel closely connected to
others, and that caring, affectionate bonds from close relationships are a major part of human behavior.
- fulfilled through the different modes of communication: face-to-face, online, through voice, or text
message; manifested in the number of people with mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, and
"wearable devices."
 Availability
ICT was defined by Zuppo (2012) as "related to
technologies that facilitate the transfer of
information and various types of electronically
Access
Mobile Signal
Infrastructure

Economic
Development
Crisis/Disease
Management
mediated communication."
Mobile Devices
Phones, Tablets,
Pagers, Others

Goods/Produced

Economic Sector
Related Services

ICT Hierarchy
by Colrain Zuppo
Digital Economy
Metric

ICT

Skills and
Competencies

Phones, Tablets,
Education pagers, Includes
Devices/Tools
Computers

Pedagogies This definition was considered too broad that

Networks

Zuppo created an ICT hierarchy to identify

Business/IT
Architectures

Support System
key aspects
Devices Phones, Tablets,
Pagers, Others
Measuring the Information
Society 2016 report (ITU,
2016a) and Trends in
Telecommunication Reform
2015 (ITU, 2015)

The International
Telecommunication Union
(ITU) conducts an annual
study on the prevalence of ICT
around the world.
The report, called the ICT
Development Index (IDI),
shows the upward trend of
people needing ICTs, with the
estimate that mobile
subscriptions now outnumber
world population.
 IT versus ICT
ICT, or information and communications technology,
◦ using computers and other digital technologies to assist
individuals or institutions in handling or using information
◦ technology that supports activities involving information such
as gathering, processing, storing, and presenting data

IT, or information technology,

◦ pertains to the industry that involves computers, software,
networking, and other IT infrastructure to help relay or
manage information important in modern-day living as seen
primarily in large companies or corporations.
 Breakdown of ICT
◦ INFORMATION
◦ refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study, or research.
◦ regarded as processed data
◦ Processed information is called knowledge. Knowledge helps fulfil daily tasks.
◦ COMMUNICATIONS
◦ an act or transmitting messages
◦ process in which information is exchanged between individuals through verbal and non-
verbal means
◦ TECHNOLOGY
◦ powerful tools that can be used by individuals to gather needed information to aid them in
their office, school or house work, or in simple day-to-day activities.
Evolution of Technology

By combining a set of tools, people have

come up with machines that can do the
tasks faster and more efficiently.

machine

tools The concept of technology

always starts with the basic
tool.
Computer

◦ a type of machine that is considered a necessity.

◦ is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its
own memory, that can accept data, manipulate the data according to specified
rules, produce results, and store the results for future use.
◦ Most machines, including computers, have evolved through the process of
automation.
Automation
◦ "the technique of making an apparatus, a process, or a system operate automatically."
◦ includes a broad range of technologies normally connecting computer systems to
other systems, such as sensors, wireless applications, expert systems, and systems
integration, among others. The integration is made in such a way that these
interconnected systems are capable of self-acting or self-regulation.
◦ Automated systems can reduce the instances of errors, which are usually caused by
human-based decision and comprehension.
◦ An automated system is not the same as an intelligent system.
◦ Intelligent systems are far more complex and are capable of learning; thus the concept of
artificial intelligence
◦ intelligent car - capable of driving and parking by itself.
History of Computer
First-generation Computer (1946-1959)
◦ first electronic computer was developed in
1946.
◦ Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John W.
Mauchly from the University of Pennsylvania
and financed by the United States Army,
◦ Electronic Numeric Integrator and
Calculator (ENIAC) is considered to be the
first-generation computer.

ENIAC: The First Computer

Second-generation Computer (1959-1965)
o transistor was used as the interior sections of the
computer
o Transistors were much smaller faster and more
dependable than the vacuum tubes of the first
generation computer.
o They generated less heat and consumed less
electricity but were still very costly.

Transistor
Third-generation Computer (1965-1971)
• In 1965, Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit
(1C) that was used instead of transistors as the
interior sections to build the computer.
• A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and
capacitors that even the full circuit board of a
transistor can be replaced entirely with one chip.
• In this third generation, remote processing, time-
sharing, and multiprogramming operating system
were used. Third-generation computer using
the integrated circuit
Fourth-generation Computer (1971-1980)
◦ very large scale integrated (VLST) circuits were
used to build computers
◦ circuits have about 5,000 transistors and other
circuit elements with their connected circuits on
a single chip known as the microprocessor

Fourth-generation computer using a

microprocessor
Fifth-generation Computer (1980-onwards)
o the VLSI technology has evolved into what is called
ultra large-scale integration (ULS) technology with
the manufacture of microprocessor chips having 10
million electronic components
o generation involves computer intelligence which s
associated with artificial intelligence (AI), natural
language, and expert systems that interpret the
means and practices of producing computers that
Fourth-generation computer using a
think like human beings. microprocessor
 Components of a Computer
◦ A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information or data. It
can store, retrieve, and process data. It contains both hardware
components and software applications.
◦ The hardware :
◦ pertains to the computer's physical devices.
◦ any part of the computer that can be seen and touched.
◦ consists of interrelated electronic devices that are used to manipulate the
computer's operation, input devices and output devices.
◦ Input devices enter or send data and instructions from the user or from the
user or from another computer system on the internet while output devices
send back the administered data to the user or to another computer system.
 Input Devices
◦ Keyboard
◦ Mouse
◦ Microphone
◦ Scanner
◦ Digital Camera
◦ PC video camera
 Output Devices
◦ Printer
◦ inkjet printers
◦ laser printers
◦ Monitor
◦ Cathode Ray tube
◦ Liquid crystal display
CRT LCD LED
◦ Light emitting diode
◦ Speaker
 Components of a
System Unit Computer

-enclosure composed of the main elements of a

computer that are used to administer data.
-referred to computer case or tower.
The circuitry of the system unit containing the primary System Unit
component of a computer with connectors into which
other circuit boards can be positioned is recognized as
motherboard.
 Storage Devices
◦ Flash disk drive Flash disk drive

◦ a small portable storage device often referred to as pen drives, thumb drives, or
jump drives.
◦ Hard disk drive
◦ Most personal computers have at least one non-removable hard disk that is
regarded as a non-volatile memory which permanently stores and retrieves
data.
hard disk drive
◦ Computer disc
◦ It is a flat, round and portable metal disc
◦ CD-ROM / DVD-ROM

Computer disc
 Why Computers are Powerful
Most computers “Garbage in, garbage out”
bring out billions means the accuracy of a
of operations in computer's output depends
second. on the accuracy of the input.

SPEED RELIABILITY ACCURACY COMMUNICATION

The high reliability of Happens between two or more people sending
components enables and receiving messages from one another.
Sender sends the message; receiver receives
the computer to
the information; message contains facts,
produce consistent thoughts, perceptions, judgments, beliefs,
results. attitudes, commands, and reactions.
 Classifying Computers A

A. Personal computer
is a small, single-user computer based on a
microprocessor. In addition, microprocessor, a personal
computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for
displaying information, and storage device for saving data.
B. Workstation
is a powerful, single-user computer workstation is like a
personal computer, but it has a more powerful
microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.

B
 C

C. Minicomputer
a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to
hundreds of users simultaneously.
D. Mainframe
D
powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting
hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.
E. Supercomputer
an extremely fast computer that can perform millions of
instructions per second. E
Specialized Computers Accdg. to Specific Uses
◦ Desktop
are computers designed to be placed on a desk, and are normally made up of a
few different parts, including the computer case, central processing unit (CPU),
monitor, keyboard, and mouse.
◦ Laptop
are battery-powered computer devices whose portability makes them possible
to use almost anytime, anywhere.
◦ Tablet
are hand-held computers with touch sensitive screen for typing and navigation.
◦ Smartphone
are hand-held telephones which can do things that computers can do,
including browsing and searching the internet and even playing console
games.
◦ Wearables
include fitness trackers and smartwatches that can be worn throughout
the day.
◦ Smart TVs
are the latest television sets that include applications present in
computers. For example, videos can be streamed from the internet
directly onto the TV. The TV can also be used as a computer monitor
and gaming monitor.
 Digital age,
Information Age,
and Computer Age
 Period in human history characterized by
the shift from traditional industry to
information technology-based economy
brought by industrialization during the
Industrial Revolution
 The Digital Revolution per se happened
in the period between 1989 and 2010.
 Technology began to be widely adopted
at both homes and workplaces, a wide
variety of new uses were developed, and
complex sociocultural systems were
created around digital platforms. This
was the emergence of the Information
Age or the Knowledge Society.

Bruno Campello de Souza

Research Professor with a Doctorate in Cognitive Psychology
https://www.quora.com/Are-we-still-in-the-digital-information-age-if-we-are-not-what-age-are-we-in-now
 Media
refers to the means of communication that uses unique
tools to interconnect among people.
forms of media include television, radio, cellular phones,
and intense (which involves the access and use of various
social media such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and
YouTube, among others).
The Message
• considered to be the message itself for those who create
and own the rights of content.
Media in the
• forms of content can be :
Digital Age
• user-generated or UGC - Is a form of content created and
owned by the users of a system.
• professionally-produced

Blog
• a combination of two words web and log.
• works the same way as pen and paper would, but privacy
becomes irrelevant given that a blog post can be seen by
anyone online.
Blogger
• person who writes blogs
 The Medium
• refers to the tool or tools used in sending message from
the source to the destination.
Media in the
Digital Age

Social Media
• become an avenue for information dissemination, with the
latest technologies
Ex. Twitter
• users of this application can constantly update other.
• users can share other users' content (in the form of
retweeting) and discuss any topic with one another
The Messenger
• the one who delivers the message
Media in the
Digital Age
Broadcasters, being the messenger of news,
are called media.
Although the media can be the message, the medium, and
the messenger, in the digital age, the demarcation lines
between them are somewhat blurry.
 Evolution of Media
◦ The media has transformed itself based on two things
(1) how information is presented; and
(2) how the connection is established.
 15th century - woodcut  1800s - telegraph was
printing on cloth or on developed followed by
paper the telephone which
made the two-way
 1436 - Johannes
communication possible.
Guttenberg started
working on a Printing
Press  combination of both audio and
video information; Films and
movies
 Communication devices evolved
and became pervasive, as well as
information distribution, via
social media (Facebook, Twitter,
or Instagram) and online selling
 Early 1900s - broadcasting and recorded media were introduced. platforms (Shopee, Lazada,
 Radio and television were used to send sound and video through Zalora and OLX, now Carousel)
electromagnetic spectrum or radio waves.
 Audio (lower frequency band) or video (higher frequency band)
content can be received depending on the frequency used.
Overview of
Current Trends
1. IoT and Smart Home
Technology
2. Augmented reality and
virtual reality
3. Machine learning
•Face ID
•A13 Bionic
•Wireless charging
•iOS 14
•Augmented Reality
4. Automation
5. Big data
6. Physical-digital integrations
7. Everything on demand
1. IoT and smart home tech
- trending since 2016
- its vision has evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies, including pervasive wireless
communication, data analysis, machine learning, and use of hardware technology such as sensors,
microprocessors, and microcontrollers.
 2. AR and VR
In 2016, the release of games such as Pokemon Go and the anticipated VR headset, Oculus Rift, serve as
turning point for AR and VR technology.

Augmented Reality Virtual Reality

Augmented reality refers to any technology that ‘augments’ Virtual Reality (VR) is the use of computer technology
the user’s visual (and in some case auditory) perception of to create a simulated environment
their environment
3. Machine learning - also called artificial intelligence

Face ID
The owner’s face is the new password. It is more secure way to
unlock the phone and keep the data safe.
All Bionic
All Bionic is claimed to be the “most powerful and smartest chip
ever in a smart phone with a neutral engine capable of up to 600
billion operations per second. A neutral engine, a type of artificial
intelligence, enables computers to learn from observation.
Wireless charging
A cable is not needed to charge the device.
iOS 11
In this latest operating system, one can scan documents in the
notes app, edit live photos, and in the U.S., even pay friends in
Messages. Siri can also translate languages.
Augmented Reality
AR is not just design for fun. It is also meant for productivity and
efficiency. It allows one to navigate without looking at a map,
visualize industrial equipment, and many others.
Automation
- is the creation and application
of technologies to produce and
deliver goods and services with
minimal human intervention.
Ex.: wearable devices such as
step counters and heart rate
monitors
Big data
- is a term that describes large
and complex volumes of data.
Ex.: Waze - help users
determine traffic, direction and
route estimations, and notifiers
users with accident alerts and
road hazards, among others.
Physical-digital
integrations
Moving towards system
automation by identifying
physical elements and creating
digital data for more efficient
operation and back-up.
Ex.: The concept of “paperless
company” - transactions,
reports, and services are done
using automated systems.
Everything
On-demand
 On-demand applications
empower them to convey
their inventive plans to their
clients’ fingertips making
life simpler and smoother for
them.
 Ex.: Music, movies, and
even drivers (e.g., Grab) are
made available through the
apps in a smartphone.
IMPACT OF ICT
Impact of ICT on Individuals, Organizations,
and Society
POSITIVE EFFECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS

 Improved access to education  Reduced personal interaction and

 Access to information and physical activity
communication  Job loss or increase in
 Security unemployment
 Security
  Improved access to education
•There are new ways of learning such as the use of learning management
system (LMS) which implements educational enhancements such as distance
Positive Effects learning and online tutorial virtual reality, and interactive multimedia.
 Access to information and communication
•The internet is widely used in communication. Access to it is getting better
as it has become available in almost all places such as commercial
establishments and public spaces. New tools have been promoted such as VoIP
phone, Instant Messaging (IM), chat (e.g., FB Messenger, Google Hangouts,
Yahoo! Messenger, etc.), video chat (e.g., Skype, FB video chat, etc.), and
email. In addition, ICT has been maximized by most individuals nowadays for
leisure and entertainment such as watching movies, playing games, or even
reading news and articles, and for creating new relationships with people
around the world.
 Security
•With the advancement that ICT brings, individuals and organizations can
solve any security problems. Examples of security measure on applications are:
(1) the use of encryption methods to keep and protect data from any malicious
software; (2) the use of password/s for personal information protection; and (3)
the development of physical security systems such as biometrics in a form of
fingerprint, facial recognition, iris (eye) recognition, and voice recognition.
  Reduced personal interaction and physical activity
•Because of virtual communication, ironically, people are less likely to talk to
Negative Effects or meet other in person. And because of the comfort of working from home and
the entertainment that the internet offers (i.e., streaming movies, playing online
games, etc.), physical activity is reduced leading to health issues such as obesity
and heart disease.
 Job loss or increase in unemployment
•This can be considered as one of the worst effects of ICT.
 Multiple workers being replaced and reduced by a smaller number of employees
capable of doing the same volume of tasks.
 Shipping or freight services in which a certain amount is added to the operating
costs for the physical process of transporting commodities or goods.
 Automation through robots or machines replacing people in the assembly line.
 Security
•ICT brings not only improvement but also threat to security. Data or files
must always be kept secure and safe. The internet connection must always be
safeguarded from different attacks such as data modification, identity/IP address
spoofing, password-based attacks, denial-of-service, etc. Computers should also
be protected from various forms of viruses and malware which are released almost
every day.
Ethical Issues in ICT
 Plagiarism
 Exploitation
 Libel
 Software Piracy
 Ethical Issues in ICT
•1. PLAGIARISM
•It is an act of theft in which a person copies another
person's ideas, words, or writings, etc. and pass them e as his
or her own. Those who committed such action may lead to
serious legal and ethical defilements.
•2. EXPLOITATION
•It is an action in which one deals with a person
dishonestly, unethically, and dishonorably, in order to take
advantage of the latter's works and/or resources. This leads to
unlawful actions.
•3. LIBEL
•It can either be an insult, slur, or slander. Either written
or spoken or even through actions, it may lead to libel if the
accusation is not true and without any piece of evidence.
•4. SOFTWARE PIRACY:
•It refers to an act of installing or copying a software into
the computer in the absence of an end-user licensing
agreement (EULA), and/or producing a copy disregarding the
copyrights.
 References:
◦ Coyle, J., & Associated Press. (2017, May 26). Is Twitter the news
outlet for the 21rst century? Retrieved from
http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=7979891&page=1
◦ Pepito, C. P. (2002). Introduction to computer fundamentals.
Mandaluyong City: National Bookstore.
◦ Selterman, D. (2012, April 16). Science of relationships. Retrieved
from
◦ http://www.scienceofrelationshps.com/home/2012/4/16/the-need-
to-belong-part-what-makes-us-human-html
◦ Shelly, G. B, Cashman, T. J., & Vermaat, M. E. (2011).
Discovering computers 2005: A gateway to information (Web
Enhanced). Thomson Course Technology.
◦ Wang, V. M. (2012). Defining ICT in a boundaryless world: The
development of a working hierarchy. International Journal of

Thank You!
Managing Information Technology (IJMIT), 4(3), 13-22. Retrieved
from
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9c00/ff69df8dc109faccdba154f276
8d93193f14,pdf