EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

SOCIO-CULTURAL STUDY
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HELLO!
I am Jayden Smith
I am here because I love to give
presentations.
You can find me at @username

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 LOCATION
◈ Along the river nile up to
the mediteranian sea-a
desert with a strip of
fertile country

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SOCIO-CULTURAL STUDY
◈ Pyramid like structure
◈ Believe that god control
universe and that it's
important to keep the god
happy
◈ Pyramid levels- Pharoah,
nobles, soldiers, merchants,
artisans, farmers, slaves

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 SOCIO-CULTURAL STUDY
Pharoh
◈ humans elevated to God
◈ God in human form
◈ Absolute power
◈ Burried in chambers
◈ Lot of responsibility
◈ Direct Army
◈ Laws
◈ Pay farmers
◈ Provide grain

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 SOCIO-CULTURAL STUDY
Nobles
◈ humans elevated god
◈ God in human form
◈ Absolute power
◈ Burried in chambers
◈ Lot of responsibility
◈ Direct army
◈ Laws
◈ Pay farmers
◈ Provide grain
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Soldiers
◈ Fought war
◈ Social mobility-possible
◈ Domestic uprising
◈ Mistook being obssessd with death
◈ Supervise peasent building
◈ Greates sin- ingratitude
◈ Physicians,craft persons
◈ Storekeeper
Religions
Slaves
◈ Co-laboures with god
◈ Captured as prisoners in war
◈ Building projects
◈ Need to work with god to
prevent disaster and thank him
◈ Raise animals
◈
◈ Magic informed civilization
Kept canals in good order
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PEOPLE’S BELIEFS
◈ Egyptians believed in natural phenominons of nature
which are divine forces of god
◈ They bilieved king as there only god as Amun-Ra, the
hidden one Osiris, the king of the living and Horus, the
god of vengeance
◈ Egyptian religion was polytheistic.
◈ They depicted god or goddess as human figures with
animal faces such as a Anubis godess of death which is
portraited as human with dog head

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10
 CLIMATE AND OTHER FACTORS
INFLUENCING ARCHITECTURE
Climate and Weather in ancient Egypt:

◈ The weather in Egypt is generally warm

in the winter, very hot in the summer and
dry most of the year, with the exception
of a rainy period in the winter that occurs
mostly in the northern part of the country.
◈ In the desert there are great extremes of
hot and cold on a daily basis.

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 CLIMATE AND OTHER FACTORS
INFLUENCING ARCHITECTURE
◈ Ancient Egyptian Architecture:

• Geological: Egypt had limestone in the north,

sandstone in the central region & granite in
the south.
• The gigantic scale of Egyptian architecture
was mainly possible due to the Egyptian
methods of quarrying, transporting & raising
enormous blocks of stone to position.
• Sun-dried & kiln burnt bricks made from Nile
mud & chopped straw were used for palaces &
houses, while stone was used for pyramids &
temples.

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 ◈ Climatic

• Egypt has a warm, sunny climate with very little rainfall

that has led to the preservation of its ancient buildings.
• Since sufficient light reached the interiors through doors
& roof slits, Egyptian architecture is characterized by the
absence of windows.
• The massive walls, without openings, protected the
interior from the fierce desert sun & also provided the
surface for “hieroglyphics” which is a script with pictorial
representations. The absence of rain also resulted in the
use of flat roof with thick stone slabs.

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CHARACTER OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
◈ Physiographically, Egypt is usually divided into
four major region the Nile valley and delta, the
Eastern Desert, the Western Desert, and the Sinai
Peninsula.
◈ When both physical and cultural characteristics
are considered together, however, the country may
be further divided into subregion the Nile delta,
the Nile valley from Cairo to south of Aswān, the
Eastern Desert and the Red Sea coast, the Sinai
Peninsula, and the Western Desert and its oases.

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◈ The settled Egyptian countryside, throughout the delta and the Nile valley to the High Dam,
exhibits great homogeneity, although minor variations occur from north to south.
◈ • The typical rural settlement is a compact village surrounded by intensively cultivated fields. The
villages range in population from 500 to more than 10,000.
◈ • They are basically similar in physical appearance and design throughout the country, except for
minor local variations in building materials, design, and decoration.
◈ • Date palms, sycamore and eucalyptus trees, and Casuarina species are common features of the
landscape.

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TYPOLOGY OF SHELTERS AND BUILDINGS
◈ Most houses were made of brick.
◈ The banks of the Nile provided the mud used to make bricks .
◈ Brick makers collected mud, added straw and water to it as needed, and stomped it with their feet until it
reached the right consistency. The mixture was then placed in a mould.
◈ Mud brick remained the domestic material, used even for royal palaces; it was also used for fortresses,
the great walls of temple precincts and towns, and for subsidiary buildings in temple complexes.

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RELIGIOUS BURIAL SYSTEMS AND CULT TEMPLES
OF EGYPT
◈ Egyptian temples were built for the official worship
of the gods and in commemoration of ancient Egypt
and regions under Egyptian control.
◈ Temples were seen as houses for the gods or kings to
whom they were dedicated.
◈ The Egyptians performed a variety of rituals within
these temples.
◈ The central function of the Egyptian religion : Giving
offerings to the gods.
◈ Ancient temples were meant as places for the gods to
reside on Earth.

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Economic and Administrative aspects
◈ • Temples were the key centres
economic activity.
◈ • The largest required prodigious
resources and employed tens of
thousands of priests,
◈ craftsmen and labourers The temple’s
economic workings were analogous to
those of a large Egyptian household,with
servants dedicated to serving the temple
God as they might serve the master of an
estate.
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CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND MATERIALS
USED
◈ The best known example of ancient
Egyptian architecture are the Egyptian
pyramids while excavated temples,
palaces, tombs and fortresses have also
been studied. Most buildings were built of
locally available mud brick and limestone
by levied workers.

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◈ Monumental buildings were built via the
post and lintel method of construction.
Many buildings were aligned
astronomically. Columns were typically
adorned with capitals decorated to
resemble plants important to Egyptian
civilization, such as the papyrus plant.
◈ Columns with Hathoric capitals, at the
Temple of Isis from island Philae

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◈ Illustrations of
papyriform
capitals, in The
Grammar of
Ornamen

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22
MASTABAS
◈ Meaning “house of stability”, “house of eternity”
or “eternal house” in Ancient Egyptian) is a type
of ancient Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat-
roofed, rectangular structure with inward sloping
sides, constructed out of mudbricks.
◈ The burial sites of many eminent Egyptians
during Egypt’s Early Dynastic Period and Old
Kingdom.
◈ The above-ground structure of a mastaba is
rectangular in shape with inward-sloping sides
and a flat roof.

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◈ The exterior building materials were
initially bricks made of the sun-dried mud
readily available from the Nile River.
◈ Mastabas were often about four times as
long as they were wide, and many rose to at
least 30 feet in height.
◈ They were oriented north–south, which the
Egyptians believed was essential for access
to the afterlife

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interior

◈ Mastabas has a chapel

inside which consist of
false door , offering
place and a statue of ka

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◈ Statue of ka- A type of ancient Egyptian statue
intended to provide a resting place for the ka

(life-force or spirit) of the person after death .

◈ Air shaft is a tunnel connected from the
burial place to the top
◈ The correct use of the air shaft hasn't found
out yet
◈ But it is said that spirit of the kings escape
through the tunnel.

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Construction of Mastaba

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PYRAMID OF GIZA
◈ The great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the great
Pyramid of khufu or the pyramid of cheops) is the
oldest and largest pyramid complex bordering
present-day Giza in greater Cairo, egypt.
◈ It is the oldest of the seven wonders of the ancient
world and the only one to remain largely intact.
◈ Egyptologists conclude that the pyramid was built as
a tomb for the fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh
khufu and estimate that it was built in the 26th
century BC during a period of around 27 years.
◈ Initially standing at 146.5 metres , the great Pyramid
was the tallest man made structure for more than
3800 years.

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◈ Over time,most of the smooth white limestone casting was removed,which lowered the pyramids
height to the present138.5 metres.
◈ What is seen today is the underlying core structure.The base was measured to be about 230.3
metres square giving a volume of roughly 2.6 million cubic metres which includes an internal
hillock.
◈ • There are three known chambers inside the great pyramid
◈ • The lowest cut into the bedrock upon which thepyramid was built.

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KARNAK TEMPLE

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KARNAK TEMPLE
◈ Cult temple dedicated to Amun, Mut and
Khonsu. The largest religious building ever
constructed.
The temple of Karnak was known as Ipet-isu—or
“most select of places”—by the ancient Egyptians.
It is a city of temples built over 2,000 years and
dedicated to the Theban triad of Amun, Mut, and
Khonsu. This derelict place is still capable of
overshadowing many wonders of the modern world

and in its day must have been awe-inspiring .

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◈ For the largely uneducated ancient Egyptian population, this could only
have been the place of the gods. It is the largest religious building ever
made, covering about 200 acres (1.5 km by 0.8 km), and was a place of
pilgrimage for nearly 2,000 years. The area of the sacred enclosure of
Amun alone is sixty-one acres and could hold ten average European
cathedrals. The great temple at the heart of Karnak is so big that St
Peter’s, Milan, and Notre Dame Cathedrals would fit within its walls.
◈ The Hypostyle hall, at 54,000 square feet (16,459 meters) and featuring
134 columns, is still the largest room of any religious building in the
world. In addition to the main sanctuary there are several smaller temples
and a vast sacred lake – 423 feet by 252 feet (129 by 77 meters). The
sacred barges of the Theban Triad once floated on the lake during the
annual Opet festival. The lake was surrounded by storerooms and living
quarters for the priests, along with an aviary for aquatic birds.

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THANK
S!