INTRODUCTION

A heater is a piece of equipment a machine which is used

to raise the temperature.

Heaters are appliances whose purpose is to generate heat

(i.e. warmth) for the building. This can be done via central
heating. Such a system contains a boiler, furnace, or heat
pump to heat water, steam, or air in a central location such
as a furnace room in a home, or a mechanical room in a
large building. The heat can be transferred
by convection, conduction, or radiation.
 CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• ELECTRIC HEATING
• WORKING OF MODERN HEATER
• PROCESS OF HEATER
• TYPES OF ELECTRIC HEATER
• PROCEDURE
• FUNCTIONS
• METHODS OF MODERN HEATER
• ADVANTAGES
• DISADVANTAGES
• APPLICATIONS OF MODERN HEATER
 ELECTRIC HEATING
• Electric heating is a process in
which electrical energy is converted to heat.
Common applications include space heating ,water
heating and industrial processes. An electric
heater is an electrical device that
converts electric current to heat.
The heating element inside every electric heater is an
electrical resistor, and works on the principle of Joule
heating: an electric current passing through a resistor
will convert that electrical energy into heat energy.
Most modern electric heating devices use nichrome
wire as the active element; the heating element,
depicted on the right, uses wire supported by ceramic
insulators.
 WORKING OF MODERN HEATER
  Heater technology to pre-heat metal components between
150 °C (302 °F) and 300 °C (572 °F) thereby causing
them to expand and allow for the insertion or removal of
another component .Typically the lower temperature
range is used on metals such as alluminium and higher
temperatures are used on metals such as
low/medium carbon steels. The process avoids the
changing of mechanical properties whilst allowing
components to be worked. Metals typically expand in
response to heating and contract on cooling; this
dimensional response to temperature change is
expressed as a coefficient of thermal expansion.
• Heating is a non contact method of heating a
conductive body by utilising a strong magnetic field.
Supply (mains) frequency 50 Hz or 60 Hz induction
heaters incorporate a coil directly fed from the
electricity supply, typically for lower power industrial
applications where lower surface temperatures are
required. Some specialist induction heaters operate at
400 Hz, the Aerospace power frequency.
• Induction heating should not be confused with
induction cooking, as the two heating systems are
mostly very physically different from each other.
Notably, induction heating (aka forging) systems
work with long metallic rods and sheets to bring them
up to temperatures as high as ~2500c for work to be
done on them.
 PROCESS OF HEATER

A process heater can be defined as, any equipment that is

used for the heating of chemical process streams. Any
process where electrical energy is transformed in to
usable heat can be termed as electric heating.
 ELECTRIC PROCESS HEATER

Electric process heaters are used in many industrial process

applications to heat liquids and gases. Sigma Thermal
Immersion and Circulation electric heaters typically range
from 2 to 60 watts per square inch. These heaters are
designed and engineered for versatility and are capable of
meeting most application and site requirements.
The process fluid enters from one end of the heating tank, passes
through the heating element and leaves from the other end of the
heating tank. During this process, heat from the heating element
is transferred to the process fluid either by convective or radiant
heat transfer. For a static process, the immersion heater is
submerged in the process fluid contained in a heating tank and
heats up by natural convection. And during a flowing process, the
circulation heater is immersed inside a pressure vessel containing
the process fluid and heats up by forced convection.
 PROCEDURE

• Gas heater
Because it is easier to
mould. Modern gas heaters still work this way although
using other refractory material. Modern gas heaters have
been further developed
• Feed water heater
Use Code for the procedures, direction, and guidance for
determining the thermo-hydraulic performance of a
closed feed water heater is the ASME PTC 12
• Thermostat (section Ignition sequences
in modern conventional systems)
Pellet to control the mixing of hot and cold water. A
common application is to permit operation of an electric
water heater at a temperature hot enough
• Air conditioning (redirect from Air heater)
Currently available with capacities of about 5,000–
60,000 BTU/h (1,500–18,000 W) and with or
without electric-resistance heaters.
• Laser (redirect from Laser heater)
An electric current or as light at a different wavelength.
Pump light may be provided by a flash lamp or by
another laser
 FUNCTIONS

• Heating element 
Gas ovens. Laser heater are also being used for achieving high
temperatures in thick film technology. Electric stove:
Early electric stoves used tubular
• Hot cathode 
The filament or heater heats a separate metal cathode
electrode which emits the electrons. From the 1920s to the
1960s, a wide variety of electronic devices
• Thermostat
Pellet to control the mixing of hot and cold water. A
common application is to permit operation of an electric
water heater at a temperature hot enough
• Minimum energy performance standard
Conditioners Computer room air conditioners
Chillers Electric water storage heaters Gas water heaters
external power supplies Set-top boxes Distribution
 METHODS OF HEATER
In addition to conduction, convection and radiation,
electrical heating methods can use electric and magnetic
fields to heat material. Methods of electric heating include
resistance heating, electric arc heating, induction heating,
and dielectric heating.
 PRINCIPLE
•  An electric heater is an electrical device that
converts electric current to heat. The heating element
inside every electric heater is an electrical
• The same principle applies with outdoor patio heaters or
"mushroom heaters" which act as giant Bunsen burners.
• In principle depend on how the electricity used is
generated. Of course this argument applies to all
forms of electric heating
 TYPES OF HEATER
• Infrared heater
An infrared heater or heat lamp is a body with a higher
temperature which transfers energy to a body with a
lower temperature through electromagnetic radiation
• Masonry heater
A masonry heater (or masonry stove, ceramic stove, tile
stove) is a device for warming an interior space through
radiant heating, by capturing the heat
• Joule Heating (redirect from Joule's law
of electric heating )
Heating devices use Joule heating, such
as electric stoves, electric heaters,
soldering irons, cartridge heaters. Some
food processing equipment may make
• Radiator Heater (redirect from Radiative heater)
Heaters keeps temperatures relatively
low, radiation is inefficient in comparison
to convection. Convection heaters also
work differently to electric
 DISADVANTAGES OF HEATER

• Room heaters can cause potential fire accidents. Many accidents are
reported due to room heaters. Never leave them unattended.
• Do not cover the room heater outlet. It will catch instant fire if you do so.
Do not put any polyester clothes near to room heater.
• Avoid any inflammables near to room heaters.
• Be aware, do not allow children to touch the room heaters. Especially the
halogen room heaters surface gets very hot and can be very dangerous to
children.
• Choose room heater with thermostat so that you can stop the heater when it
reaches some degree of temperature. Otherwise at least consider timer
based room heaters so that they get switch off after some duration.
• Conversely, the disadvantages of electric wall heaters are listed
below. 
• Long Cords: If you need a long cord, you may find electric wall
heater cords too short - they are meant to be inconspicuous.
• Limited to Small Spaces: The purpose of an electric wall heater is
to warm a small space without warming the entire structure, such
as a house. If your heating needs pertain to large spaces, it might
be better to look at other options. However, multiple electric wall
heaters can be combined for greater total warming ability.
• No Ducts: No ducts means that a room will take longer to heat up
because the warm air from an electric wall heater will not be blown
out and thus around the room. However, no ducts also means
allergens are not spread. Once again, it's up to your personal
preferences.
 ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC HEATER

• Electrical heating is an affordable, safe and

comfortable solution
• Electrical heating is silent, odourless and simple
to use
• Heating with gas and oil depends on the
fluctuating prices imposed by the market
• Heating with wood, although inexpensive, is
much more polluting and requires much more
effort
• Below are the advantages of electric wall heaters. Ultimately what matters
most is your needs and what type of heater works best for you. Compare the
pros and cons to make the best decision possible.
• Cost: Electric wall heaters reduce your utility bills, not to mention they are
very affordable regarding up-front costs.
• Ease/Safety: With electric wall heaters you can simply plug and power.
Furthermore, if you are worried about safety, electric heaters can have two
built-in precautions: they do not get hot enough to cause combustion or they
shut off automatically if an object comes in too close contact.
• Small Size: Electric wall heaters are small enough to fit inside the tiniest
rooms in your home or office, even bathrooms.
• Heats Up Quickly: Electric wall heaters heat up quickly; the room in which
they are installed warms up fast as well, but be sure to keep the door closed.
 APPLICATION OF MODERN HEATER

• 1) Domestic : Flats, Bungalows and Apartments.

• 2) Commercial : Hotels, Hospitals, Hostels and Dormitories.
• 3) Industrial : Process Industries, Preheating boiler feed water. In domestic
sector, hot water is used for bathing, washing of clothes & utensils etc. The
requirement may, however, vary with the season of the year & number of
family members. Our experience says that on an average 30 to 35 litres of
water at 50 to 55º C. is consumed by an individual. Thus for a family of 4
members, 125 LPD Solar Water Heating System is quite sufficient.
• In commercial & industrial sectors, where large quantity of water is required
at fairly high temperature, ''Jain Solar Water Heating Systems'' are designed
to meet the above requirement. Depending on the distribution pattern of hot
water, the system could be either modular or a big capacity single tank
system.