Introduction to Java

Java History

Green Team(James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and

Patrick Naughton ) initiated a revolutionary task to
develop a language for digital devices such as set-top
boxes, televisions etc.
Currently, Java is used in internet programming, mobile
devices, games, e-business solutions etc. There are given
the major points that describes the history of java.
Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" and file extension
was .gt.
After that, it was called Oak
 Object Oriented Features

Polymorphism
Inheritance
Encapsulation
Abstraction
Classes
Objects
Instance
Method
Message Parsing
 Java Versions History

JDK Alpha and Beta (1995)

JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan, 1996)
JDK 1.1 (19th Feb, 1997)
J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec, 1998)
J2SE 1.3 (8th May, 2000)
J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb, 2002)
J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep, 2004)
Java SE 6 (11th Dec, 2006)
Java SE 7 (28th July, 2011)
Java SE 8 (18th March, 2014)
 Java Features

Object Oriented: In Java, everything is an Object. Java can

be easily extended since it is based on the Object model.
Platform independent: Unlike many other programming
languages including C and C++, when Java is compiled, it is
not compiled into platform specific machine, rather into
platform independent byte code. This byte code is distributed
over the web and interpreted by virtual Machine (JVM) on
whichever platform it is being run.
Simple: Java is designed to be easy to learn. If you
understand the basic concept of OOP Java would be easy to
master.
Secure: With Java's secure feature it enables to develop
virus-free, tamper-free systems. Authentication techniques
are based on public-key encryption.
Architectural-neutral: Java compiler generates an
architecture-neutral object file format which makes the
compiled code to be executable on many processors, with
the presence of Java runtime system.
Portable: Being architectural-neutral and having no
implementation dependent aspects of the specification
makes Java portable. Compiler in Java is written in ANSI C
with a clean portability boundary which is a POSIX subset.
Robust: Java makes an effort to eliminate error prone
situations by emphasizing mainly on compile time error
checking and runtime checking.
Multithreaded: With Java's multithreaded feature it is
possible to write programs that can do many tasks
simultaneously. This design feature allows developers to
construct smoothly running interactive applications.
Interpreted: Java byte code is translated on the fly to
native machine instructions and is not stored anywhere.
The development process is more rapid and analytical since
the linking is an incremental and light weight process.
High Performance: With the use of Just-In-Time
compilers, Java enables high performance.
Distributed: Java is designed for the distributed
environment of the internet.
Dynamic: Java is considered to be more dynamic
than C or C++ since it is designed to adapt to an
evolving environment. Java programs can carry
extensive amount of run-time information that can
be used to verify and resolve accesses to objects on
run-time.
 Where the Java is used?

Desktop Applications such as acrobat reader, media

player, antivirus etc.
Web Applications such as irctc.co.in, javatpoint.com etc.
Enterprise Applications such as banking applications.
Mobile
Embedded System
Smart Card
Robotics
Games etc.
At Compile Time
At Run Time
Classloader: is the subsystem of JVM that is used to load class files.

Bytecode Verifier: checks the code fragments for illegal code that can violate
access right to objects.

Interpreter: read bytecode stream then execute the instructions.

 Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine. It is a specification that
provides runtime environment in which java bytecode can be executed.

JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms. JVM, JRE and
JDK are platform dependent because configuration of each OS differs. But, Java is
platform independent.

The JVM performs following main tasks:

• Loads code
• Verifies code
• Executes code
• Provides runtime environment
JVM provides definitions for the:
 Memory area
 Class file format
 Register set
 Garbage-collected heap
 Fatal error reporting etc.
 Java Runtime Environment

JRE is an acronym for Java Runtime Environment.It is used to provide runtime

environment.It is the implementation of JVM.It physically exists.It contains set of
libraries + other files that JVM uses at runtime.
Implementation of JVMs are also actively released by other companies besides
Sun Micro Systems.
 Java Development Kit (JDK)

JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit.It physically exists.It contains

JRE + development tools.
Classloader:
Classloader is a subsystem of JVM that is used to
load class files.
2) Class(Method) Area:
Class(Method) Area stores per-class structures such
as the runtime constant pool, field and method data,
the code for methods.
Java Stack stores frames.It holds local variables and partial results, and plays a
part in method invocation and return.

Each thread has a private JVM stack, created at the same time as thread.

A new frame is created each time a method is invoked. A frame is destroyed when
its method invocation completes.
It contains:

1) A virtual processor

2) Interpreter:Read bytecode stream then execute the instructions.

3) Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler:It is used to improve the performance.JIT

compiles parts of the byte code that have similar functionality at the same time,
and hence reduces the amount of time needed for compilation.Here the term ?
compiler? refers to a translator from the instruction set of a Java virtual machine
(JVM) to the instruction set of a specific CPU.
 Tools you will need

Linux 7.1 or Windows xp/7/8 operating system.

Java JDK 6 or above
Microsoft Notepad or any other text editor
 Setting path for windows

Right-click on 'My Computer' and select 'Properties'.

Click on the 'Environment variables' button under
the 'Advanced' tab.
Now, alter the 'Path' variable so that it also contains
the path to the Java executable. Example, if the path
is currently set to 'C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32', then
change your path to read 'C:\WINDOWS\
SYSTEM32;c:\Program Files\java\jdk\bin'.
 Java Editors

Notepad: On Windows machine you can use any

simple text editor like Notepad (Recommended for
this tutorial), TextPad.
Netbeans: is a Java IDE that is open-source and
free which can be downloaded from
http://www.netbeans.org/index.html.
Eclipse: is also a Java IDE developed by the eclipse
open-source community and can be downloaded
from http://www.eclipse.org
Object - Objects have states and behaviours. Example: A dog
has states - colour, name, breed as well as behaviours -
wagging, barking, eating. An object is an instance of a class.
Class - A class can be defined as a template/ blue print that
describes the behaviours/states that object of its type support.
Methods - A method is basically a behaviour. A class can
contain many methods. It is in methods where the logics are
written, data is manipulated and all the actions are executed.
Instance Variables - Each object has its unique set of
instance variables. An object's state is created by the values
assigned to these instance variables.
 First Java Program

public class MyFirstJavaProgram {

 /* This is my first java program.

 * This will print 'Hello World' as the output
 */

 public static void main(String []args) {
 System.out.println("Hello World"); // prints Hello World
 }
}
 Naming Conventions in Java

Name Convention

should start with uppercase letter and be a noun e.g. String,

class name
Color, Button, System, Thread etc.

should start with uppercase letter and be an adjective e.g.

interface name
Runnable, Remote, ActionListener etc.

should start with lowercase letter and be a verb e.g.

method name
actionPerformed(), main(), print(), println() etc.

should start with lowercase letter e.g. firstName,

variable name
orderNumber etc.

package name should be in lowercase letter e.g. java, lang, sql, util etc.

should be in uppercase letter. e.g. RED, YELLOW,

constants name
MAX_PRIORITY etc.
 Java Identifiers

All identifiers should begin with a letter (A to Z or a

to z), currency character ($) or an underscore (_).
After the first character identifiers can have any
combination of characters.
A key word cannot be used as an identifier.
Most importantly identifiers are case sensitive.
Examples of legal identifiers: age, $salary, _value,
__1_value
Examples of illegal identifiers: 123abc, -salary
 Java Modifiers

Access Modifiers: default, public , protected,

private
Non-access Modifiers: final, abstract, strictfp
 Java Variables

Local Variables
Class Variables (Static Variables)
Instance Variables (Non-static variables)
 Java Keywords

abstract assert boolean break

byte case catch char
class const continue default
do double else enum
extends final finally float
for goto if implements
import instanceof int interface
long native new package
private protected public return
short static strictfp super
switch synchronized this throw
throws transient try void
volatile while
Data Types in Java
 Primitive Data Types

Data Type Default Value Default size

boolean false 1 bit
char '\u0000' 2 byte
byte 0 1 byte
short 0 2 byte
int 0 4 byte
long 0L 8 byte
float 0.0f 4 byte
double 0.0d 8 byte
 Primitive Data Types

1.byte:
Byte data type is an 8-bit signed two's complement
integer.
Minimum value is -128 (-2^7)
Maximum value is 127 (inclusive)(2^7 -1)
Default value is 0
Byte data type is used to save space in large arrays,
mainly in place of integers, since a byte is four times
smaller than an int.
Example: byte a = 100 , byte b = -50
 2. short

Short data type is a 16-bit signed two's complement

integer.
Minimum value is -32,768 (-2^15)
Maximum value is 32,767 (inclusive) (2^15 -1)
Short data type can also be used to save memory as
byte data type. A short is 2 times smaller than an int
Default value is 0.
Example: short s = 10000, short r = -20000
 3. int

Int data type is a 32-bit signed two's complement

integer.
Minimum value is - 2,147,483,648.(-2^31)
Maximum value is 2,147,483,647(inclusive).(2^31 -
1)
Int is generally used as the default data type for
integral values unless there is a concern about
memory.
The default value is 0.
Example: int a = 100000, int b = -200000
 4. long

Long data type is a 64-bit signed two's complement

integer.
Minimum value is -9,223,372,036,854,775,808.(-
2^63)
Maximum value is 9,223,372,036,854,775,807
(inclusive). (2^63 -1)
This type is used when a wider range than int is
needed.
Default value is 0L.
Example: long a = 100000L, long b = -200000L
 5. float

Float data type is a single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754

floating point.
Float is mainly used to save memory in large arrays
of floating point numbers.
Default value is 0.0f.
Float data type is never used for precise values such
as currency.
Example: float f1 = 234.5f
 6. double

double data type is a double-precision 64-bit IEEE

754 floating point.
This data type is generally used as the default data
type for decimal values, generally the default choice.
Double data type should never be used for precise
values such as currency.
Default value is 0.0d.
Example: double d1 = 123.4
 7. boolean

boolean data type represents one bit of information.

There are only two possible values: true and false.
This data type is used for simple flags that track
true/false conditions.
Default value is false.
Example: boolean one = true
 8. char

char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character.

Minimum value is '\u0000' (or 0).
Maximum value is '\uffff' (or 65,535 inclusive).
Char data type is used to store any character.
Example: char letterA ='A'
 Reference Data Types

Reference variables are created using defined

constructors of the classes. They are used to access
objects. These variables are declared to be of a specific
type that cannot be changed. For example, Employee,
Puppy etc.
Class objects, and various type of array variables come
under reference data type.
Default value of any reference variable is null.
A reference variable can be used to refer to any object of
the declared type or any compatible type.
Example: Animal animal = new Animal("giraffe");
 Character Constants

Notation Character represented

\n Newline (0x0a)
\r Carriage return (0x0d)
\f Formfeed (0x0c)
\b Backspace (0x08)
\s Space (0x20)
\t tab
\" Double quote
\' Single quote
\\ backslash
\ddd Octal character (ddd)
Hexadecimal UNICODE character
\uxxxx
(xxxx)
 Operators in Java

1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Relational Operators
3. Bitwise Operators
4. Logical Operators
5. Assignment Operators
6. Increment & Decrement Operators
7. instanceOF & dot Operator
 instanceOf Operator

he java instanceof operator is used to test

whether the object is an instance of the specified type
(class or subclass or interface).
The instanceof in java is also known as type
comparison operator because it compares the
instance with type. It returns either true or false.
 Example

class Simple1{  
 public static void main(String args[]){  
 Simple1 s=new Simple1();  
 System.out.println(s instanceof Simple1);//true  
 }  
}  
Output :
true
 Mathematical Functions in Java

The java.lang.Math class contains methods for

performing basic numeric operations such as the
elementary exponential, logarithm, square root, and
trigonometric functions.
static double abs(double a)
This method returns the absolute value of a double
value.
static double exp(double a)
This method returns Euler's number e raised to the
power of a double value.
static double max(double a, double b)
This method returns the greater of two double
values.
static double min(double a, double b)
This method returns the smaller of two double
values.
static double pow(double a, double b)
This method returns the value of the first argument
raised to the power of the second argument.
static long round(double a)
This method returns the closest long to the argument.
static double sin(double a)
This method returns the hyperbolic sine of a double value.
static double tan(double a)
This method returns the trigonometric tangent of an
angle.r
static double sqrt(double a)
This method returns the correctly rounded positive square
root of a double value.
 Java- Loop Control

A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or

group of statements multiple times and following is
the general form of a loop statement in most of the
programming languages:
 Types Of Loop

Loop Type Description

Repeats a statement or group of
statements while a given condition is
while loop
true. It tests the condition before
executing the loop body.
Execute a sequence of statements
for loop multiple times and abbreviates the code
that manages the loop variable.
Like a while statement, except that it
do...while loop tests the condition at the end of the loop
body
 Loop Control Statement
Control Statement
break statement
continue statement
Description
Terminates the loop or switch
statement and transfers execution to
the statement immediately following
the loop or switch.
Causes the loop to skip the remainder of
its body and immediately retest its
condition prior to reiterating.
 Enhanced for loop

Syntax:
The syntax of enhanced for loop is:
for(declaration : expression) { //Statements }
Declaration: The newly declared block variable, which
is of a type compatible with the elements of the array
you are accessing. The variable will be available within
the for block and its value would be the same as the
current array element.
Expression: This evaluates to the array you need to
loop through. The expression can be an array variable or
method call that returns an array
 Example Enhanced for loop

public class Test {

 public static void main(String args[]){

 int [] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};

 for(int x : numbers ){
 System.out.print( x );
 System.out.print(",");
 }
 System.out.print("\n");
 String [] names ={"James", "Larry", "Tom", "Lacy"};
 for( String name : names ) {
 System.out.print( name );
 System.out.print(",");
 }
 }
}
 Output

10,20,30,40,50,
James,Larry,Tom,Lacy,
Decision Making
tatement Description
An if statement consists of a boolean
if statement expression followed by one or more
statements.
An if statement can be followed by an
optional else statement, which
if...else statement
executes when the boolean expression is
false.
You can use one if or else if statement
nested if statements inside another if or else if
statement(s).
A switch statement allows a variable to
switch statement be tested for equality against a list of
values.
 The ? : Operator:

Exp1 ? Exp2 : Exp3;

Where Exp1, Exp2, and Exp3 are expressions. Notice
the use and placement of the colon.
To determine the value of whole expression, initially
exp1 is evaluated
If the value of exp1 is true, then the value of Exp2
will be the value of the whole expression.
If the value of exp1 is false, then Exp3 is evaluated
and its value becomes the value of the entire
expression.