HIV

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
ABOUT THE VIRUS
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a 
lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS),a condition in humans in which
progressive failure of the immune system allows
life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers
.to thrive
Over time, HIV can damage the immune system to
such a degree that infections may begin to occur as a
result of a weakened immune system. Eventually, one
may acquire various illnesses due to the damage done
by the virus.
When this happens this is called AIDS or Acquired
.Immune Deficiency Syndrome
?What is the difference between HIV and AIDS
HIV is the virus which attacks the T-cells in the
immune system.
AIDS is the syndrome which appears in
advanced stages of HIV infection.
HIV is a virus.
.AIDS is a medical condition
National Red Cross
HIV presents the world with many challenges. Humanitarian 
organizations have worked hard in the fight against HIV, making
up for a lack of action in the earlier years of the epidemic.
However, there is far more work to be done in partnership with
affected communities and governments round the world.National
Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies have joined together in a
Global Alliance on HIV. Their resolution is to do more and to do
it better in their ollective fight against this epidemic.The IFRC is
committed to doubling the reach of its HIV programme in
prevention, treatment, care and support - and in tackling stigma
.and discrimination
HIV history
Genetic research indicates that HIV originated in west 
central Africa during the early twentieth century. AIDS was
first recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) in 1981 and its cause HIV infection was
identified in the early part of the decade. Since its discovery,
AIDS has caused an estimated 36 million deaths . As of 2012,
approximately 35.3 million people are living with HIV
globally. AIDS is considered a pandemic a disease outbreak
which is present over a large area and is actively spreading .
HIV/AIDS has had a great impact on society, both as an
illness and as a source of discrimination. The disease also has
significant economic impacts. It has attracted international
medical and political attention as well as large-scale funding
.since it was identified in the 1980s
Two types of HIV exist: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is more
virulent, is more easily transmitted and is the cause of the vast
majority of HIV infections globally. The pandemic strain of
HIV-1 is closely related to a virus found in the chimpanzees of
the subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes, which lives in the
forests of the Central African nations of Cameroon, Equatorial
Guinea, Gabon, Republic of Congo , and Central African
Republic. HIV-2 is less transmittable and is largely confined to
West Africa , along with its closest relative, a virus of the sooty
mangabey (Cercocebus atys atys), an Old World monkey
inhabiting southern Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra
.Leone, Liberia, and western Ivory Coas
?How is HIV transmitted

HIV is found in the following body luids;  semen,

blood, vaginal fluids and breast milk.Infection can
only occur when body fluids from an infected
person enter the blood stream of another person.
Worldwide, unprotected sex between men and
.women is the main route of HIV transmission

HIV can be transmitted by

:

Unprotected sex (sex without a condom)

Sharing needles and syringes
Unsterile body piercing or tattooing
Mother to child
Blood transfusion
:HIV cannot be transmitted by

Coughing
Hugging
Kissing
Sneezing
Spitting
Crying
Sharing Cutlery and crockery
Bed Linen
Toilets or Showers
Mosquitoes
Or through any form of casual contact
Asymptomatic HIV infection
In many cases, after the initial symptoms disappear,
there will not be any further symptoms for many
years. During this time, the virus carries on
developing and damages the immune system. This
process can take up to 10 years. The infected person
will experience no symptoms, feel well and appear
healthy.late-stage HIV infection
If left untreated, HIV weakens the ability to fight
infection. The person becomes vulnerable to serious
.illnesses. This stage of infection is known as AIDS
:Primary HIV infection
May be either asymptomatic or associated with acute retroviral
.syndrome
Stage I: HIV infection is asymptomatic with a CD4+ T cell count (also
known as CD4 count) greater than 500 per microlitre (µl or cubic
.mm) of blood. May include generalized lymph node enlargement
Stage II: Mild symptoms which may include minor mucocutaneous
manifestations and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. A
.CD4 count of less than 500/µl
Stage III: Advanced symptoms which may include unexplained
chronic diarrhea for longer than a month, severe bacterial infections
including tuberculosis of the lung, and a CD4 count of less than
.350/µl
Stage IV or AIDS: severe symptoms which include toxoplasmosis of
the brain, candidiasis of the esophagus, trachea, bronchi or lungs and
.Kaposi's sarcoma. A CD4 count of less than 200/µl
:Stages
Late-stage HIV infection
If left untreated, HIV weakens the ability to fight infection.
The person becomes vulnerable to serious illnesses. This
.stage of infection is known as AIDS
Signs and Symptoms of HIV/AIDS
:Symptoms of early HIV infection may include
fever
chills
joint pain
muscle ache
sore throat
sweats (particularly at night)
enlarged glands
a red rash
tiredness
weakness
weight loss
:Signs and symptoms of late-stage HIV infection may include

blurred vision 
diarrhea, which is usually persistent or chronic 
dry cough 
fever of above 37C (100F) lasting for weeks 
night sweats 
permanent tiredness 
shortness of breath 
swollen glands lasting for weeks 
weight loss 
white spots on the tongue or mouth 
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHLs)
The non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are diverse group of 
blood cancers that include any kind of lymphoma except
Hodgkin's lymphomas .Types of NHL vary significantly in
their severity, from
.indolent to very aggressive

Kaposi sarcoma (KS)

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a tumor caused by human herpesvirus
8 (HHV 8, also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated
.herpesvirus, KSHV)
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) or
pneumocystosis is a form of penumonia,
caused by the yeast-like fungus (which had
previously been erroneously classified as a
.protozoan) pneumocystis jirovecii
Treatments
There's no cure for HIV/AIDS, but a variety of drugs
can be used in combination to control the virus.
Each of the classes of anti-HIV drugs blocks the
virus in different ways. It's best to combine at least
three drugs from two different classes to avoid
creating strains of HIV that are immune to single
:drugs. The classes of anti-HIV drugs include
?What are the treatment options for HIV/AIDS

Earlier HIV antiretroviral treatment is crucial - it improves quality of

life, extends life expectancy and reduces the risk of transmission,
according to the World Health Organization's new guidelines ssued in
.June 2013
When an HIV-positive adult's CD4 cell count is 500 cells/mm3 or lower
.they should start treatment immediately
Currently, there is no vaccine or cure for HIV/AIDS. But treatments have
evolved which are much more efficacious - they can improve patients'
general health and quality of life If an individual believes they have
been exposed to the virus within the last 72 hours (three days), anti-HIV
medication, called PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) may stop infection.
The treatment should be taken as soon as possible after contact with the
.virus
PEP is a very demanding treatment lasting four weeks. It is also
associated with unpleasant side effects (diarrhea, malaise, nausea,
.weakness and fatigue).considerably
HIV/AIDS and diarrhea - HIV-positive patients, and those with
AIDS tend to suffer from diarrhea. It is the main reason people go off
their medications, or switch to other antiretroviral therapies prematurely.
On January 2nd 2013, the US Food and Drug Administration approved
Fulyzaq (crofelemer 125 mg delayed-release tablets), the first anti-
diarrheal medication for patients with HIV/AIDS. Fulyzaq was created
.specifically for patients taking antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS
Antifungal cream Ciclopirox eradicates HIV -
researchers at the Rutgers New Jersey Medical School reported in the
journal PLoS ONE that Ciclopirox, a widely used antifungal cream, as
well as Deferiprone, a medication used to remove excess iron from the
body, eradicate HIV in cultured cells. They added that when treatment
.stops, the virus does not return
Complementary or alternative medicine. Although widely
used, alternative/complementary medications, such has herbal ones, have
not been proven to be effective or ineffective. According to some limited
studies, mineral or vitamin supplements may provide some benefits.
.Patients are urged to discuss these options with their doctors
 … BY: Shaee Sh. Abdulla and my group

Student at sulaymaniyah university in kurdistan-

iraq
university of sulaymaniyah /faculty of
agricultural sciences soil and water
Department

Thanks for whatching

THE END