RELATED

LITERATURE
AND STUDIES
Presented by Group 4
A Variable is anything that
has a quantity or quality
that varies.
DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT
VARIABLES

DEPENDENT INDEPENDENT
VARIABLES VARIABLE
The Dependent Variable is the The Independent Variable is the
effect. cause.
 An Extraneous Variable is any variable that you’re not investigating that can
potentially affect the outcomes of your research study. If left uncontrolled, extraneous
variables can lead to inaccurate conclusions about the relationship between
independent and dependent variables.

When the researcher fails to control the extraneous variable that it caused considerable
effect to the outcome, the extraneous variable becomes a Confounding Variable.
 VARI
ABLE
QUANTITATI QUALITATIVE
VE (CATEGORIAL)
(NUMERICA
L)

DISCREET CONTINUO NOMINAL ORDINAL DICHOTOMO

US US
 Quantitative Variables, also called
numerical variables, are the type of
variables used in quantitative research
because they are numeric and can be
measured. Under this category are discrete
and continuous variables.
DISCRET
E CONTINU
VARIABL OUS
ES VARIABLE
A.Discrete Variables Continuous Variables
are countable whole take fractional (non-
numbers. It does not whole number) values
take negative values or that can either be a
values between fixed positive or a negative.
points. For example: Example: height,
number of students in a temperature.
class, group size and
frequency.
Numerical data have two levels of
measurement, RA
namely:
INTER
TI
VALS
Intervals are quantitative
variables where the interval
O
Ratio type of data is
similar to interval. The
or differences between only difference is the
consecutive values are presence of a true zero
equal and meaningful, but value. The zero point in
the numbers are arbitrary. this scale indicates the
absence of the quantity
being measured.
Qualitative Variables
also referred to as
Categorical Variables
are not expressed in
numbers but are
descriptions or
categories. It can be
further divided into
dichotomous,
DICHOTO
MOUS NOMINAL ORDINAL
VARIABLE VARIABLE VARIABLE
Dichotomous variable Nominal variable Ordinal variable, from
consists of only two simply defines groups of the name itself, denotes
distinct categories or subjects. In here, you that a variable is ranked
values, for example, a may have more than 2 in a certain order. This
response to a question categories of equivalent variable can have a
either be a yes or no. magnitude. qualitative or
quantitative attribute.
Fin.