What do these individuals have in common?

Jack Ma (Ali Baba Group) Mark Zuckerberg (Facebook) Bill Gates (Microsoft) Jeff Bezos (Amazon)
Introduction to
Business Operations and Management

Leadership and Management Styles

 Learning Outcomes
The aim of this lecture is to introduce you to:
o The concept of ‘Leadership’
o Distinctions between Management and Leadership
o Trait and behavioural theories of Leadership
o Different management styles
o Influences on the styles of management and leadership
 Leadership
o Leadership refers to the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a
vision or set of goals

o Leadership involves the processes and behaviours used by someone, such as a

manager, to motivate, inspire and influence the behaviours of others

o Are Leadership and Management the Same?

o No. A person can be a manager, a leader, both, or neither.
Distinctions Between Management and Leadership
 Trait Theories of Leadership
o Trait theories of leadership are the theories that consider personal qualities and
characteristics that differentiate leaders from non-leaders

o Trait theories are focused on identifying the essential traits that distinguished
leaders from non-leaders

o Such traits include intelligence, dominance, self-confidence, energy, charismatic,

enthusiastic and courageous

o Trait theories provides a basis for selecting the right people for leadership
 Behavioural Theories of Leadership
o Theories proposing that specific behaviours differentiate leaders from non-leaders

o Behavioural theories are focused on determining what behaviours are employed by

leaders

o Behavioural theories of leadership imply that people can be trained to become

leaders
Management Styles
 Autocratic Management Style
o Also termed authoritarian leadership

o It is a management style that assumes that information and decision making are
best kept at the top of the organisation

o Its involves a one-way communication (downward)

 Autocratic Management Style
o Minimal delegation or decentralisation (one person with authority)

o Close supervision of employees

o Extreme autocratic management will result in subordinates having no freedom of

actions
 Democratic Management Style
o Also called participative management style

o Operating a business according to decisions agreed by the majority

o The leader(s) delegates a great deal and encourages decentralization

o The leader and subordinates discuss issues and employee participation is actively
encouraged
 Democratic Management Style
o Subordinates are empowered and have greater control over their working lives

o The successful operation of this style requires an excellent communication skills on

the part of the manager and the ability to generate affective two-way
communication

o This management style helps to develop the skills of subordinates and generally
results in a more satisfied workforce

o Management theory has developed and provided substantial evidence that people
are more likely to be motivated (and productive) through the use of a democratic
leadership style
 Laissez-Faire Management Style
o Sometimes described as mild anarchy

o The manager has minimal input into the operation of the business

o Employees are empowered to take the majority of the decisions with little
reference to the leader
 Laissez-Faire Management Style
o The Laissez-faire management style may occur because of the shortcomings of the
manager, who may lack the required skills needed to carry out the role successfully

o Alternatively, it may be a conscious and brave policy decision to give staff the
maximum scope of showing their capabilities

o The workforce understands and agrees with the organisation’s objectives

 Influences on the styles of Management and Leadership
o The tradition and history of the business

o The type of labour force

o The nature of the task and timescale

o The personality of the manager or leader

 Class Activity
1. Form groups of 4/5 people.

2. You will be allocated a management/leadership model from the list below.

a) John Adair’s Action Centred Leadership
b) Kouszes & Postner’s Five Aspects of Exemplary Leadership
c) Hersey & Blanchard’s Situational Leadership
d) Blake & Mouton Managerial Grid
e) Daniel Golman’s Five Elements of Emotional Intelligence
f) Belbin’s Team Roles
g) Tuckman’s Team Development Model
In your group you need to research the model in class next week and the following
week teach the model to the whole class.
Any Questions?