WIRELESS

SENSOR
NETWORK
S
A presentation by Kunal Bhatt (A005) and Anamica Gupta (A015)
CONTENT
SWhat is an ad
hoc network?
Classifications of ad
hoc WSNs:
Introduction WSNs:
Features
WSNs : Types
WSNs :
Classifications
WSNs :
Applications
 What are Ad Hoc
Network?
An ad hoc network is one that is spontaneously
formed when devices connect and communicate
with each other. The term ad hoc is a Latin
word that literally means "for this," implying
improvised or impromptu.

Ad hoc networks are mostly wireless local area

networks (LANs). The devices communicate with
each other directly instead of relying on a base
station or access points as in wireless LANs
for data transfer co-ordination.

Each device participates in routing activity, by

determining the route using the routing algorithm
and forwarding data to other devices via this
route.
Classifications of Ad Hoc
Network:
 What are Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSNs)?

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an infrastructure-less wireless network that is deployed in a large
number of wireless sensors in an ad-hoc manner that is used to monitor the system, physical or
environmental conditions. Sensor nodes are used in WSN with the onboard processor that manages and
monitors the environment in a particular area. They are connected to the Base Station which acts as a
processing unit in the WSN System. Base Station in a WSN System is connected through the Internet
to share data.
Another diagram
Features of WSNs

The main components of sensor node consist of a sensing unit, a processing unit, a transceiver
and a power unit Sensing unit senses the physical quantity which is then transformed into
digital one through ADC i.e. Analog to Digital converter. Thereafter processor is used for further
computations and transceiver is used to transmit and receive data from the other nodes or from
the Base Station. Power unit is the most prominent unit in any sensor node. Once the battery is
exhausted, it can’t be replaced for unattended applications. Other units are application
dependent unit like Mobilizer, Power Generator and Location Finding System.
 TYPES OF
1. Terrestrial Wireless
WSNs
2. Underground Wireless Sensor
3. Underwater Wireless Sensor
Sensor Networks Networks
Networks
In terms of deployment,
Terrestrial WSNs are maintenance, equipment cost
About more than 70% of the earth’s
used for communicating planet is occupied with
considerations, and careful
These
water. networks contain several
base stations efficiently, planning, underground wireless
sensor nodes and vehicles
and comprise thousands sensor networks are more
deployed underwater. Autonomous
of wireless sensor nodes expensive than terrestrial WSNs.
underwater devices and vehicles
The Underground Wireless sensor
deployed either in an networks UWSNs comprises
are used to collect data from these
unstructured (ad hoc) or sensor nodes.
several sensory nodes that are
structured (Pre-planned) hidden in the ground to observe
manner. underground conditions.
4. Multimedia Wireless 5. Mobile Wireless Sensor
Sensor Networks Networks MWSNs:
Multimedia wireless sensor networks Mobile WSNs networks comprise a group
are
proposed to enable tracking of sensor nodes that can be moved on
monitoring and of events in the their own and can be interacted with the
multimedia, like video, imaging,
sort of physical environment. The mobile nodes
audio. and can also compute sense and communicate
These networks contain low-cost sensor respectively.
nodes equipped with cameras and Mobile wireless sensor networks are way
microphones. These sensory nodes of more versatile than static sensor networks.
Multimedia WSNs are interconnected The benefits of Mobile WSNs over Static
together over a wireless connection for WSNs include better and improved
data retrieval, data compression, and coverage, superior channel capacity, better
correlation. energy efficiency, and so on.
 Classification of Wireless Sensor
Networks
1. Static and Mobile WSN: All the sensor nodes are connected without movement and
these are static networks in many applications. Some applications especially in biological
systems- mobile sensor nodes are needed. These are called mobile networks. An example of
a mobile network is animal monitoring.

2. Deterministic and Nondeterministic WSN: In deterministic wireless sensor networks, the

sensor node position is calculated and fixed. The deployment of sensor nodes is possible in a
limited number of applications. The position of sensor nodes determination isn’t possible
because of several factors like harsh environments or hostile operating conditions. Such
kinds of networks are non-deterministic and need a complex system.
3. Single Base Station and Multi Base Station WSN: In single base station WSNs, only one
base station is used that is found close to the sensor node region. All the nodes
communicate with this base station, in the case of a multi-base station WSNs, more than
one base station is used and a sensor node can transfer data to the closest base
station.

4. Static Base Station and Mobile Base Station WSN: It is similar to sensor nodes, even base
stations of the WSN are often either static or mobile. A static base station contains a fixed
position usually close to the sensing region. A mobile base station WSN moves around the
sensing region because a load of sensor nodes is balanced.
5. Single-hop and Multi-hop WSN: In single-hop WSNs, the sensor nodes are directly connected to the
base station. And in the case of multi-hop WSNs, peer nodes and cluster heads are used to relay the
information to reduce energy consumption.

6. Self Reconfigurable and Non-Self Configurable WSN: In non-Self Configurable WSNs, the sensor
networks cannot organize themselves in a network and consider a control unit to gather data.

In many WSNs, the sensor nodes can be able to organize and

maintainthe connection and work collaboratively with other sensor nodes to accomplish the
task.

7.Homogeneous and Heterogeneous WSN: In the case of homogeneous WSNs, all the sensor nodes have
the same energy consumption, storage capabilities, and computational power.

And in the case of heterogeneous WSNs, some sensor nodes have higher computational power and
energy requirements than others and also the processing and communication tasks are divided
accordingly.
Why use a WSN?
Ease of deployment
Wireless communication
means no need for a
communication infrastructure
setup
Drop and play
Low-cost of deployment
Nodes are built using off-the-
shelf cheap components
Fine grain monitoring
Feasible to deploy nodes
densely for fine grain
monitoring
 APPLICATIONS OF WSNs
WSN application can be classified into following categories:
a. Area Monitoring

b. Health care monitoring

( Air quality monitoring , forest fire detection , landslide detection ,
water quality monitoring , natural disaster prevention )

c. Habitat Monitoring
(Machine health monitoring , data logging , waste water monitoring , Structural health monitoring , wine
production)

d. Environmental/Earth sensing

e. Industrial monitoring

f. Incident Monitoring
 Challenges in
WSN Energy
Node consumption Data Reporting
deployment without losing Model
accuracy

Security Fault Tolerance Scalability

Node/Link Heterogeneity
 Conclusion
WSNs have been profoundly used in various sectors of human life.
The sensing technology has made it possible for any sensor node to
communicate and respond to the different attributes. It can be
concluded that WSN has revolutionized almost every sector of
modern era. It has huge scope of research in handling different
aspects of human life.
 BIBLIOGRAPH
Y
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