The Gas

Laws
There are 8 Gas Laws
 Used to predict the behavior of
Ideal Gases.
 Based on 4 variables:

Pressure
Volume
Temperature
Amount (moles)
 Units of Pressure
 1 atm = 760 mmHg
 = 760 torr

 = 101.3 kPa

 = 14.7 psi
 Boyle’s Law P1V1 = P2V2
Pressure and volume are inversely
related at constant temperature.
 Charles’ Law V1/T1 = V2/T2
Volume of a gas varies directly with
the absolute temperature at
constant pressure. K = 273 + oC
 Gay Lussac’s Law P1/T1= P2/T2
At constant volume, the pressure of
gas is directly related to the
temperature.
Combined Gas Law
 These three can be written as one law.

 When the moles of gas remains

constant, use this formula and cancel
out anything else that does not change.
 Temperature must always be in Kelvin.
 STP = Standard Temperature and
Pressure
 STP: 0oC and 1 atm
 Example
 A confined gas occupies 735 ml at
742.5mmHg and 25oC. What volume
will it occupy at STP?
 Ideal Gas Law
 PV = nRT *** Use whenever grams or
moles are given or needed.
 R = ideal gas constant = 0.08206 Latm/mol K
 Units of P, V and T must be aligned to
the gas constant.
 Given 3 variables you can determine
the fourth.
 Examples
 A 547.3 mL container containing 1.62
mol of He is heated until the pressure
reaches 185.2 kPa. What is the
temperature?
Example #2
 Neon gas in a 20.5 L cylinder exerts a
pressure of 8.61 atm at 24.8ºC What is
the mass of the gas?
 Gas Density and Molar
Mass
 Gases can be identified by their
density & molar mass.
 How can the Ideal Gas Law be

used to identify a gas?

 MM = g/mole

 D = g/V
Finding Molar Mass
 MM= g/mol
 Therefore mol = (g/MM)
 PV = nRT **** n=mol
 Substitute: PV= RT
 Rearrange: MM =
 Gas Density
 Given: MM =
 And: D = g/V

 MM =

 Rearrange: D =
 Examples
 What is the density of ammonia
at 23ºC and 735 torr?
 D = MM P / RT
 A compound has the empirical formula CHCl.
A 256 mL flask at 100.ºC and 750 torr
contains 0.80 g of the gaseous compound.
What is the molecular formula?
 MF = EF (Factor)
 Factor =
 MM = gRT/PV
 The Gas Laws can be
simplified into 3 - Laws
 Combined Gas Law (confined
amount of gas)
 Ideal Gas Law (grams or moles
provided)
 Avogadro’s Law (constant T&P, or
@ STP)
 Modified

PV PV
1 1
 2 2

n1T1 n2T2
 Avogadro’s Law
 At constant temperature and
pressure, the volume of gas is
directly related to the number of
moles.
 At STP one mole of any gas
occupies 22.4 L = Molar Volume
of a gas.
 Gases and Stoichiometry
 Reactions occur with a specific
mol:mol ratio
 At Standard Temperature and
Pressure (STP, 0ºC and 1 atm) 1
mole of gas occupies 22.4 L.
 If a reaction does not occur at
STP, then use the ideal gas law to
calculate moles of reactant or
volume of product.
 Examples
 Mercury can be achieved by the
following reaction:
 2HgO  2Hg + O
(s) (l) 2(g)

 What volume of oxygen gas can

be produced from 4.10 g of
mercury (II) oxide at STP?
 NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq)
NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
 Calculate the mass of sodium
bicarbonate necessary to produce
7.87 L of carbon dioxide at 28ºC
and 1.50 atm.
 Dalton’s Law
 The total pressure in a container
is the sum of the pressure each
gas would exert if it were alone in
the container.
 The total pressure is the sum of

the partial pressures.

P
Total = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + ...
Therefore:
 For each P = nRT/V
P = + + …..
total

 When gases are in the same

container R, T and V are the same.
P =
Total

P =
Total
 Mol Fraction
 Ratio of moles of a given
component in a mixture to the
total moles.
  = chi = mol /mol
1 T =P1/PT
 Therefore: P =  P
1 T
 Partial Pressure = mol fraction x
total pressure
 Example
 A mixture of gas contains 5.00g O2,
7.50g N2 and 1.00g H2. What is the
partial pressure in atm of each gas if it
is held in a 10.0L vessel at 15oC?
 Collecting Gas Over
Water
 When a gas is collected over water
it is a mixture of gas & water
vapor.
P = P
T gas + Pwater vapor
 To find the pressure of the “dry”
gas, subtract out the water vapor.
P
water vapor = the Vapor pressure of
water at a specific temperature.
 Table 5.3 on Pg 196.
 Effects of Temperature on
Vapor Pressure
 NRG is needed to overcome
intermolecular forces.
 As temperature (average KE) is
increased, more of these forces
are broken creating more vapor.
 Vapor Pressure increases
 Example
 Helium Gas is collected over
water at 25oC. What is the
pressure of the dry gas if the
atmospheric pressure is 750.0
mmHg.
 Example 2
 250. ml of carbon dioxide is
collected over water at 20oC and
754mmHg. What is the volume
of the dry gas at STP?
 Practice
 Oxygen gas is generated through the
decomposition of potassium chlorate
into potassium chloride and oxygen
gas. If 3.20L of gas are collected over
water at 40oC and a total pressure of
762 torr, how many moles of
potassium chlorate were consumed?
 2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2
 A mixture of KCl and KClO3 weighing
1.80 grams was heated; the dry
oxygen generated occupied 140.ml at
STP. What % of the mixture was
KClO3?
C8H18(l) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(g)
 How many liters of carbon dioxide gas
measured at 60.1oC and 752 mmHg
are produced for every one-gallon of
octane burned (assuming complete
combustion)?
 Hint: 1 gallon=3.785L and the density

of octane(l) is 0.703g/ml
2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g)  N2(g) + 6HCl(g)
 A mixture is prepared from 15.0L of
ammonia and 15.0L of chlorine
measured at the same conditions.
When the reaction is completed, what
is the volume of each gas remaining in
the vessel?
 Kinetic Molecular Theory
 Attempts to explain why ideal gases
behave the way they do.
 4 Postulates of the theory.
1. The particles are so small we can ignore
their volume.
2. The particles are in constant motion and
their collisions cause pressure.
3. The particles do not affect each other,
neither attracting or repelling each other.
4. The average kinetic energy is proportional
to the Kelvin temperature.
 Kinetic Energy
 KEavg = 3/2 RT
 And KE = ½ mv2
 Temp. is a measurement of KEavg.
 Velocity=v but.. particle velocity=u.
 Root Mean Square
Velocity
 Kinetic NRG of a molecule is…

 (KE) = N (1/2 mu 2
)
avg A
 N = Avagadro’s # (particles/mol)
A
 m is the mass of each particle

 (KE)
avg = 3/2 RT
 Solve for the root mean square
velocity.
 M is the molar mass in kg/mole,
and R must be 8.3145 J/K mol.
 Joule = kg m2/sec2
 After canceling the units the mean
square velocity will be in m/sec.
 Example
 Calculate the root mean square
velocity of carbon dioxide at
25ºC.

 Calculate the root mean square

velocity of Bromine at 25ºC.
Range of velocities
 The average distance a molecule
travels before colliding with another is
called the mean free path and it is very
small (near 10-7m)
 Temperature is a measurement of the
average KE. There are molecules of
many speeds in the average.
 See the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
graphs.
 Root Mean Square Velocity
 Calculate the root mean square
speed of nitrogen gas at 25C.

 What happens to the rms speed if

the temperature is doubled to
50C?
 Effusion is the passage of gas through a
small hole, into a vacuum.
 Diffusion is the spreading of a gas
through a room.
 Rate of diffusion is slow considering
molecules move at 100’s of meters per
second.
 Collisions with other molecules slow down
the process.
 Graham’s Law
The rate of effusion is inversely
proportional to the square root of
the molar mass of its particles.

Rate of effusion for gas 1 MM 2


Rate of effusion for gas 2 MM 1
 Examples
A compound effuses through a
porous cylinder 3.20 time slower
than helium. What is it’s molar
mass?

 If0.00251 mol of NH3 effuse

through a hole in 2.47 min, how
much HCl would effuse in the
same time?
 Be Careful with time
vs. velocity
A sample of N2 effuses through a
hole in 38 seconds. what must be
the molecular weight of gas that
effuses in 55 seconds under
identical conditions?
Your turn….
 1 mole each of He gas and CO2 gas
are in a rigid container at the same
temperature.
 The kinetic energy of He is _________
(greater than, less than, the same as)
the kinetic energy of CO2?
 The velocity of He is _____________
the velocity of CO2?
 Calculate the ratio of the velocities of
He/CO2.
When HCl(g) and NH3(g) come in
contact, they form a white solid,
NH4Cl(s).
If the two samples are placed at either
end of a tube, the white solid would
appear closest to point _____?

HCl a b c d e NH3
 Ammonia is smaller
and faster than
hydrogen chloride gas
 Real Gases
Unlike Ideal Gases, real
molecules do take up space and
they do interact with each other
(especially polar molecules).
We need to add correction factors
to the ideal gas law to account for
these factors.
Volume Correction
The actual volume the molecules
are free to move in, is less
because of particle size.
More molecules will have more
effect.
Corrected volume V’ = V - nb
b is a constant that differs for each
gas. Larger molecules have a
bigger “b”.
Pressure correction
 Because the molecules are
attracted to each other, the
pressure on the container will be
less than ideal.
 depends on the number of
molecules per liter.
 Since two molecules interact, the
effect must be squared.
 • P’ = Pobserved + a (n/V) 2

 Adding the Pressure Correction and

Volume Correction to the Ideal Gas
Law, you have van der Waal’s
Equation.
 Insert van der Waal’s equation
 Where does it come from :
 a and b are determined by experiment
(they are given).
 Different for each gas.

 Bigger molecules have larger b.

 a depends on both size and polarity of

the molecule.
 once given, plug and chug.
 Example
 Calculate the pressure exerted by
0.5000 mol Cl2 in a 1.000 L
container at 25.0ºC
 Using the ideal gas law.
 van der Waal’s equation
 a = 6.49 atm L2 /mol2
 b = 0.0562 L/mol
When do gases deviate?

 Most Deviation:

 Most Ideal Behavior: