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ABOUT COURSE
 Course code: Applied Physics
 Credit: 2
 Pre requisite : None
 Instructor: Engr. Ayesha Siddique
 Email Id: ayeshasiddique977@gmail.com
 All the course material will be uploaded on ZABDESK.
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
 On the completion of this course, students should be able to:
 Knowledge about the fundamental laws of Electromagnetism and the basics of
semiconductor physics.
 Comprehend the concept of Electric and Magnetic Field lines and their
behavior, the magnetic monopoles, dipoles and magnetic moment.
 Apply electromagnetism laws and right hand rules in determining magnetic
field, current, potential, torque, energy in various Engineering applications.
 Analysis of electromagnetic fields surrounded by different static and moving
charge configurations with boundary conditions.
GRADING POLICY
 Assignments/ Projects (16%)
- 4 Assignments.

 Quizzes, Attendance and Class Participation(15%)

- 4 (Announced) quizzes

 Mid Exam (30%)

 Final (40%)
ELECTROMAGNETISM
 Electricity and magnetism are different facets of electromagnetism
 a moving electric charge produces magnetic fields
 changing magnetic fields move electric charges
 This connection first elucidated by Faraday, Maxwell
 Einstein saw electricity and magnetism as frame-dependent facets of unified
electromagnetic force
MAGNETIC FIELDS FROM ELECTRICITY
 A static distribution of charges produces an electric field
 Charges in motion (an electrical current) produce a magnetic field
 electric current is an example of charges (electrons) in motion
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
 An object in motion tends to stay in motion and an object at rest tends to
stay at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
 Force equals mass times acceleration
(F = ma).
 For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
 NEWTON’S FIRST LAW

 An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion

tends to stay in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced
force. This law is also called the LAW OF INERTIA.
 This law explains why you fly forward in a car when someone slams on the
brakes. Because of Inertia, your body wants to keep moving at the same
speed as the car.
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?
 Basically, an object will “keep doing what it was doing” unless acted on
by an unbalanced force.
 If the object was sitting still, it will remain stationary. If it was moving at
a constant velocity, it will keep moving.
 It takes force to change the motion of an object.
 FORCE
A force is a push or pull upon an object
resulting from the interaction with another
object.
WHAT IS MEANT BY UNBALANCED FORCE?

 If the forces on an object are

equal and opposite, they are
said to be balanced, and the
object experiences no change in
motion. If they are not equal
and opposite, then the forces
are unbalanced and the motion
of the object changes.
 SOME EXAMPLES FROM REAL LIFE
 A soccer ball is sitting at rest. It takes an unbalanced
force of a kick to change its motion.

 Two teams are playing tug of war. They

are both exerting equal force on the rope
in opposite directions. This balanced force
results in no change of motion.
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW IS ALSO CALLED THE LAW
OF INERTIA

 Inertia: the tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion

 The First Law states that all objects have inertia. The more mass an object
has, the more inertia it has (and the harder it is to change its motion).
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW
 2nd Law States that a force on an object will move the object in the
direction of the force. The relationship between force, mass and
acceleration is summarized by the formula:
f = ma
 Acceleration: a measurement of how quickly an object is changing
speed.
 This law explains why a golf ball will roll in the direction of a force
applied to it.
Example
Q: The frog leaps from its resting position at the lake’s bank onto a lily pad.
If the frog has a mass of 0.5 kg and the acceleration of the leap is 3 m/s 2,
what is the force the frog exerts on the lake’s bank when leaping?

(A) 0.2 N
(B) 0.8 N
(C) 1.5 N
(D) 6.0 N

Formula chart says F=ma, m is mass in kg, a is acceleration in m/s 2.

So, .5 kg x 3 m/s2= 1.5 N
 WHAT DOES F = MA SAY?

 F = ma basically means that the force of an object comes from its mass and its
acceleration.
 Something very massive (high mass) that’s changing
speed very slowly (low acceleration), like a glacier, can
still have great force.

 Something very small (low mass) that’s changing speed

very quickly (high acceleration), like a bullet, can still
have a great force. Something very small changing
speed very slowly will have a very weak force.
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW

 3rd Law States that for every action there is an equal but opposite
action.
 A skater pushes back on the skates but the skater moves forward.
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?
 For every force acting on an object, there is an equal force acting in the
opposite direction. Right now, gravity is pulling you down in your seat,
but Newton’s Third Law says your seat is pushing up against you with
equal force. This is why you are not moving. There is a balanced force
acting on you– gravity pulling down, your seat pushing up.
FRICTION

 A force that opposes, or works against, motion of two objects that

are touching.
UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITY

All objects in
the universe
attract each
other by the
force of gravity.
UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITY
 FREE FALL: WHEN THE ONLY FORCE ACTING ON AN OBJECT IS GRAVITY.

GRAVITY, ABBREVIATED AS G, G= 9.8 M/S2.

ON EARTH GRAVITY = 9.8 M/S/S
 CIRCULAR MOTION
 Any object that revolves about a
single axis undergoes circular
motion.
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

 Assume constant speed

 The direction of the velocity is
continually changing
 The vector is always tangent to
the circle
 Uniform circular motion is circular
motion at constant speed
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION-CONTINUE

 The distance traveled is the circumference of the track

 The period of the motion, T is:

• r is the radius of the track

• v is the speed of the motion
 The period does not depend on the location on the object
 The speed depends on the radius of the circle of motion and so depends on
location
 Speeds are fastest at the outside edge
CENTRIPETAL FORCE

 A force is required to maintain

circular motion

 Any force that causes an object

to follow a circular path is
called a centripetal force.

 Centripetal means “center-

seeking”
Gravitational
force that holds
the moon in
orbit is a
centripetal force
What is another term
for the ability to do
work?
 ENERGY
 Energy: The ability of an object to do work
 Units: Joules (J)
Types of energy include:
Mechanical: Energy of movement and position
Chemical: Energy stored in chemical bonds of
molecules
ENERGY

Thermal: “Heat energy” stored in materials at a

certain temperature
Nuclear: Energy produced from the splitting of
atoms
Radiant Energy: Energy traveling the form of
electromagnetic waves
Electric Energy: Energy traveling as the flow of
charged particles(i.e. electrons)
WORK
Work is done when a task produces a change in
energy
Factors affecting work done:
The application of a force
The movement of the object by that force over a
distance
 PHYSICIST’S DEFINITION OF “WORK”

(n A s dist∥
ot ca
a l
ve ar
ct
or dist
)

Work = F x dist∥
ATLAS HOLDS UP THE EARTH

But he doesn’t move,

dist∥ = 0

Work= Fx dist∥ = 0

He doesn’t do any work!

WORK

Therefore:
Work = Force x Distance
W = Fd
Units: Joule (J)
 1 J = 1 N.m
Note that work requires a distance
CASE 1
If the displacement is produced in the direction of the force
i.e,θ = 0°,then work done will be:
W = FS cos0°
we know that cos 0°=1
So:
W = F S (1)
W=FS
Thus ,when a horizontal force moves a body horizontally or
when a vertical force lifts a body vertically, then the work
done is the product of force and distance covered by the
object.
CASE 2(IF Θ = 90°):
When the force has no component in the direction
of motion, then no work is done by the force
W =FS cos(90°)
W=FS cos(0)
W=0
Thus, if a person carrying a weight walks
horizontally, then the force exerted by the man is
perpendicular to the horizontal displacement. So,
no work is done.
CASE 3(IF Θ =180°):
When the force has a component opposite
to the direction of displacement, then the
work done by the force is:
W =FS cos(180°)
W =FS (-1)
W=-FS
The force of friction is opposite to the
direction of motion,so the work done by the
force of friction on the object is zero.
 You push a stationary wall
with a force of 1000N. How
much work was done to the
wall?
 WORK = CHANGE IN KE

This is called:

the Work-Energy Theorem

MECHANICAL ENERGY

Mechanical Energy:
Energy of movement and position
There are two major types of mechanical energy:
Potential Energy: Energy of position
Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Gravitational Potential Energy: The potential due to
higher positions
P.E. = mass x gravity x height
P.E. = mgh
Recall: weight = mass x gravity
Therefore: P.E. = weight x height
POTENTIAL ENERGY
KINETIC ENERGY

Objects in motion are capable of

doing work
KE = ½.mass.velocity2
KE = ½mv2
ENERGY CONSERVATION
Energy is constantly transforming, but never
“disappears”
Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be
created or destroyed, only changed from one form to
another.
WORK DONE BY GRAVITY
end

start
dist dist∥
change in
vertical height
W=mg
Work = F x dist∥

= -mg x change in height

= -change in mg h
ENERGY CONSERVATION

Potential and kinetic energy are

constantly transforming back and
forth
Most of the time during this transformation, some
energy is turned to heat and transferred out of the
system
 IF GRAVITY IS THE ONLY FORCE DOING WORK….

Work-energy theorem:
-change in mgh = change in ½ mv2
0 = change in mgh + change in ½ mv2

change in (mgh + ½ mv2) = 0

mgh + ½ mv2 = constant

 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

mgh + ½ mv2 = constant

Gravitational Kinetic energy
Potential energy
If gravity is the only force that does work:
PE + KE = constant
Energy is conserved
POWER

How much work is performed over a period of time

Therefore:
Power = Work / Time
P = W/t
Units: Watts (W) where 1 W = 1 J/s
 THOUGHT QUESTION

How many
horses are in
one
horsepower?
POWER

Power can also be converted to

units of horsepower (hp)
Note: 1 hp  750 W
coffee maker 0.75 hp
blender 1.5 hp
lawn mower 5-6 hp
Corvette 400 hp
ENERGY

The amount of work done by an object does not

depend on the path taken
Work depends only on the object’s starting and
ending points
 TWO TYPES OF FORCES:

“Conservative” forces “Dissipative” forces

forces that do + & – work forces that only do – work

•Gravity •Friction

•Elastic (springs, etc) •Viscosity

•Electrical forces •….

•… -work  heat
-work  (no potential energy.)
change in PE
(-)WORK DONE BY
FRICTIONHEAT
 PROBLEM 1
Renatta Gass is out with her friends. Misfortune
occurs and Renatta and her friends find
themselves getting a workout. They apply a
cumulative force of 1080 N to push the car 218
m to the nearest fuel station. Determine the
work done on the car.

2.35 x 105 J
PROBLEM 2
Question: If a force of 200 Newtons, can move
a box by 50 meters how much is the work
done?

Answer: Work    = Force * Distance

        = 200 * 50
        = 10000 Joules
PROBLEM 3
Question: A man exerts a force of 1000
Newtons on a rock. However the rock does
not move. How much is the work done?

Answer: Work    = Force * Distance

        = 1000 * 0
        = 0 Joules
PROBLEM 4
Question: A man of mass 80 kgs climbs a slope with a
height of 5 meters. It takes him 10 seconds to
reach the top. How much is the work done? Also,
calculate the man’s power?
Answer:
    Work done     = Energy transferred
            = mass * gravity * height
            = 80 * 9.8 * 5
            = 3920 Joules
    Power        = work / time
            = 3920 / 10
            = 392 Watts
PROBLEM 5
Question: How much is the work done in raising 100
kg of water through a vertical distance of 3
meters.

Answer:
    Work done     = mass * gravity * height
            = 100 * 9.8 * 3
            = 2940 Joules
 
PROBLEM 6
A man has pulled a cart through 35m by applying a force of 300
N.Find the work done by the man.

Solution:
Given data: Distance =S =35 m
Force =F=300 N
Work = ?
Formula:   Work = Force × distance
W= F × S
W = 35 × 300
W=10500 J
PROBLEM 7
A body of mass m is dropped from a certain height.it has velocity v1 when it is at a
height h1above the ground.it has velocity v2 when it is at a height h2 above the
ground.which of the following is true

a.v12-v22=2g(h1-h2)
b.v12-v22=2g(h2-h1)
c. v1-v2=√2g(√h2-√h1)
d. v1-v2=√2g(√h1-√h2)

Solution:
Total Energy at height h1
=(1/2)mv12+2gh1

Total energy at height h2

=(1/2)mv22+2gh2

Since we know that total energy remains constant during a free fall
Total Energy at height h1=Total energy at height h2
or (1/2)mv12+2gh1=(1/2)mv22+2gh2
or v12-v22=2g(h2-h1)