FLOWER

FLOWER
Flowers : The organs of a plant that
go through sexual reproduction
process.
Their final product is fruit and seed.
1. Pisum sativum 2. Nephelium lappaceum

4. Solanum lycopersicum
3. Malus pumila
Flowers develop from flower buds. Each bud
contains 4 concentric whorls of tissue. From the
outer to the inner, these develop into

A whorl of sepals (collectively called the calyx)

A whorl of petals (collectively called the corolla)

stamens in which the microsporangia form

Carpels/pistil in which the megasporangia

form
A complete flower is one that has all four whorls
FLOWER PARTS
SUPPORTING STRUCTURE
1. Peduncle : stalk. Support flower
2. Receptacle : End/top end swollen and act as base
for flower
3. Pedicels : smaller branches of peduncle

Pedicels

Peduncle
Allium sp. Family : Liliaceae
 Pedicel

Peduncle

Dendrobium sp.
Receptacle (pudung), the top of the stem supporting
a flower.
   
Sepals collectively are called the calyx, CA. They
are the outermost floral parts and are commonly leaf-
like and green. The sepals enclose the flower bud
and may or may not survive for the life of the flower.
   
Petals collectively are called the corolla, CO. Found
just inside the sepals, petals are usually delicate and
brightly colored to attract insects.

The sepals and petals together are called the

perianth.
Some flowers do not have all of the basic parts.

Flower types, based on the

presence of parts:

•Complete flowers have

sepals, petals, stamens, and
pistils. The flower pictured at
the right is a complete flower.

•Incomplete flowers are

missing one of more of the
four basic pa.
•Perfect flowers have both stamens and pistils.
•Imperfect flowers have either stamens or pistils, but
not both:

**Staminate flowers have only stamens.

**Pistillate flowers have only pistils.
•Monoecious plants have imperfect flowers
with both sexes growing on the same plant.
•Dioecious plants have imperfect flowers with
only one sex growing on each plant.

What are the examples of dioecious plants?

3. Polygamous
Plants bear staminate, pistillate,
and hermaphroditic (bisexual - both
sexes present and functional in the
same flower) flowers on the same
plant. An example is Acer rubrum (red
maple).
FLORAL SYMMETRY

Zygomorphic – Bilateral symmetrical, line in a middle, structure along

one another (left and right) are mirror like.

Mirror of top and bottom not alike

Actinomorphic – radially symmetrical, any drawn line will produce mirror
image
 ANDROECIUM
MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN:

 Stamen form the whorl inside the corolla.

 Each stamen has a slender stalk, or filament
 At the top of filament is an anther, the
pollen bearing organ.
 The whole group of stamens is called the
Androecium
 GYNOECIUM
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN
 Basically, gynoecium consists of simple
pistil/folded carpel
 In more complex flower, the gynoecium may
consist of several separate carpel or several
fused carpel (compound pistil)
 POLLINATION AND
FERTILIZATION IN PLANT

WATCH VIDEO IN
GOOGLE CLASSROOM
 OVARY
•Ovary - the enlarged portion at the pistil
base where egg cells are produced. The
basic unit of construction of the ovary is the
carpel. Each carpel will eventually produce
a or many seed. One can determine the
number of carpels in a pistil by making a
cross-section of the ovary and counting the
number of partitions, or by counting the
number of stigmas or styles.
 TYPES OF OVARY

Superior ovary
Ovary attached to the receptacle above the
attachment of other floral parts. A superior
ovary is found in types of fleshy fruits such as 
true berries, drupes, etc. A flower with this
arrangement is described as hypogynous.
Examples of this ovary type include the
legumes (beans and peas and their relatives)
Half-inferior ovary
Ovary is embedded or surrounded by the
receptacle.This occurs in flowers of the 
Lythraceae family, which includes the 
Crape Myrtles. Such flowers are
termed perigynous or half-epigynous.
More specifically, a half-inferior ovary has
nearly equal portions of ovary above and below
the insertion point.
Inferior ovary
Ovary lies below the attachment of other
floral parts.
A pome is a type of fleshy fruit that is often
cited as an example, but close inspection of
some pomes (such as Pyracantha) will show
that it is really a half-inferior ovary.
 Flowers with inferior ovaries are
termed epigynous. Some examples of flowers
with an inferior ovary are orchids, banana and
cucurbitaceae 
PLACENTATION
 Placenta is tissue within the ovary which an
ovule is attached
 The manner in which placenta distributed in
the ovary is termed placentation
Free central
INFLORESCENCE
 REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES:
SELF POLLINATION VS CROSS POLLINATION

 What are self and cross pollinations?

 What are the advantage and disadvantage of
both strategies?
 Give examples of plants who undergo both
 In 10 minutes, discuss in group and share
with the class