QSU 3053

PEMBELAJARAN
MOTOR

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 LAKUAN MOTOR
(Motor Behavior)

Kawalan Motor Pembelajaran Motor

(Motor Control) (Motor Learning)

Perkembangan Motor
(Motor Development)
 Kawalan Motor
Disiplin ilmu sains lakuan motor manusia
mengenai mekanisme-mekanisme kawalan pada
sistem biologi (manusia) yang berperanan
dalam: (Science disciplines of human motor
behavior related to control mechanisms in
biological systems (human) that plays a role in):

Pengawalan postur Penghasilan pergerakan

(pergerakan yang berfungsi)
(postural control)
Production of movement
(functional movement)

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 Kefahaman kawalan motor

Melibatkan pengajian/penjelasan mengenai

Apa yang dikawal Bagaimana berlakunya

organisasi semua sub-proses
-kualiti pergerakan yang terlibat dalam proses
kawalan serta mekanisme
berlakunya peningkatan pada
tahap kawalan
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 Pembelajaran Motor
Pembelajaran Motor
-Fokus kepada perubahan yang berlaku pada mekanisme
kawalan motor hasil daripada proses-proses ekstrinsik
seperti praktis & adaptasi biologi
- diperoleh daripada proses-proses yang dipelajari

Motor Learning
- Focus on changes in motor control mechanisms as a result of
extrinsic processes such as practice & biological adaptation
- derived from the processes that be learned

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 Perkembangan Motor

Perkembangan Motor
-Fokus kepada perubahan yang berlaku pada mekanisme
kawalan motor hasil daripada proses-proses tumbesaran,
perkembangan, kematangan & penuaan
- berlaku secara semulajadi

Motor Development
- Focus on changes in motor control mechanisms as a result
of the processes of growth, development, maturity & aging
- occurs naturally

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 Manusia Lakuan
(human) (behavior)
Hasil
pergerakan
adalah
interaksi

Persekitaran
(environment)

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 Introduction to Motor Skills

SKILLS
-An activity/task that has specific purpose or goals to achieve
- an indicator of quality of performance

ACTIONS
- goal directed activities that consist of body, head or limb
movement
MOVEMENTS
- behavioral characteristics of the body, the head and/or
specific limb or combination of limbs

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTOR SKILLLS
- A goal to achieve
- performed voluntary
- requires body, head and/or limb movement to
accomplish
- need to be learn or relearned

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 Why distinguish movements from skills and
actions:
1. People initially learn to achieve action goals
- different people may produce different movement
characteristics to achieve the same action goal
2. People adapt movement characteristics to achieve
an action goal in a variety of situations
- physical features limitation

3. People use different types of measures to evaluate

actions and movements with

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PENDEKATAN DAN TEORI
DALAM KAWALAN
MOTOR
 Perspektif-perspektif
Kawalan Motor
Pendekatan Klasik
-Mekanisma kawalan motor
dilihat dalam konteks fisiologi
gerakbalas
- pergerakan hanya aktiviti
sistem saraf
- tindakbalas dalam sistem
biologi
- Perspektif Sherington
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Pendekatan Moden
- Mekanisma kawalan motor
dilihat dalam konteks fisiologi
aktiviti
- fisiologi bertindak mengikut
keperluan persekitaran
- tindakbalas berlaku antara
fisiologi dan persekitaran
- Perspektif Bernstein
 Perspektif Sherington
-Teori Refleks (1907)
- refleks sebagai unit gerakbalas dalam sistem saraf
- lakuan motor terhasil daripada rangkaian refleks secara
bersiri
- aktivasi refleks mempunyai hiraki
- tiada pergerakan jika refleks paling primitif tidak
diaktifkan

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 Hiraki Refleks
Refleks Voluntari – paling tinggi

Refleks Midbrain

Refleks Brainstem
melibatkan bahagian brainstem dan spinal

Refleks Spinal – paling primitif

melibatkan aktivasi sistem saraf sehingga
peringkat saraf tunjang sahaja
 Bukti Kewujudan Hiraki Refleks

Ekperimen Diaferantasi Monyet

- Diaferantasi – memutuskan hubungan sensori di antara

sistem periferi dan CNS

- Diaferantasi subjek secara ipsilateral

- Tiada lakuan pada bahagian diaferantasi
- Kesimpulan - ?

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 Penolakan Teori Refleks
1. Graham (1911)
- Diaferantasi secara bilateral
- Tiada lakuan pada bahagian yang diaferantasi
- Lakuan terhasil apablia ada rangsangan yang sesuai
dari persekitaran
- Central Pattern Generator (bahagian dalam pinal-cord
yang menyimpan maklumat perlakuan)
- Diaktivasikan apabila terdedah kepada perlakuan
yang lazim

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 Penolakan Teori Refleks (samb…)

2. Leshley (1917) – rawatan pesakit diaferantasi

kerana kemalangan
- Tidak mampu terima maklumat baru
- Mampu hasil lakuan lazim
- Terdapat ‘salinan eferan’ bagi lakuan lazim

Lakuan voluntari Lakuan involuntari

- Lahirkan konsep PROGRAM MOTOR

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 Teori Hiraki

- Dikemukakan oleh Hughling Jackson (1850)

-All aspect of movement planning & execution

are sole responsibility of one or more cortical
centers reprensenting the highest command level
within hierarchy of CNS.
- CNS sebagai pusat kawalan peringkat
tertinggi /eksekutif

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 Idea utama Teori Hiraki
IDEA KAWALAN MOTOR SECARA
‘DESCENDING’
(top-down approach)
- Hasil pemprosesan di peringkat pusat di hantar
ke sistem periferi
- maklumat belum bermakna sehingga diproses
di CNS
- hanya pilih maklumat yang bermakna sahaja

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 - representations of movement are stored in
memory in form of plans or program for
movement.

So call “MOTOR PROGRAMS”

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 Motor program

‘”a set of commands that are structured

before a movement sequence begins, and
that allow the entire sequence to be carried
out uninfluenced by peripheral feedback”

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 Central Pattern
Program Motor
Generator
Konsep yang mengemukakan idea bahawa
terdapat ‘kod’ bagi semua lakuan motor di
peringkat CNS

Memberi implikasi terhadap mekanisme

kawalan motor dalam konteks:

SISTEM SARAF SISTEM SARAF

PUSAT PINGGIRAN

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 Pendekatan Moden

Persekitaran
Menyokong objektif

Mempengaruhi

Sistem Biologi

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 Teori Sistem Dinamik
(Dynamic System Theory – DST)

- Dikemukakan oleh Bernstein- 1967

- Differ from hierarchical theories by 2 ways:

- reestablishes a role for the environment as an
important source of information.
- how action is actually produced

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 Teori Sistem Dinamik
(Dynamic System Theory – DST)
- lakuan motor yang terhasil daripada
interaksi sistem biologi dengan
persekitaran

Sistem mekanikal
dalam persekitaran

Graviti Inertia Geseran

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 Konsep Kawalan Motor
Teori Sistem Dinamik
- penghasilan lakuan motor adalah daripada
kecekapan sistem biologi mengawal Darjah
Kebebasan (degree of freedom DOF)
lakuan yang mampu dihasilkan

How does the nervous system

control the many muscles and
joints involved in producing a
complex movement pattern?

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 Konsep Kawalan Motor Teori
Sistem Dinamik (samb…)

- darjah kebebasan (DOF)

- keupayaan sistem tubuh hasilkan
pergerakan dalam pelbagai cara
- merujuk kepada sistem sendi dan otot
- pergerakan memerlukan darjah kebebasan
yang minimum

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 Idea utama Teori Sistem Dinamik

IDEA KAWALAN MOTOR SECARA ‘ASCENDING’

(bottom-up approach)

- proses kawalan berlaku diperingkat periferi

- sistem pusat hanya sebagai ‘moderator’

- kemampuan kawalan peringkat periferi kerana:

-Sifat ‘self-organizing system’ terlibat
- kawalan darjah kebebasan

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 DST – apply the phenomenon of
SELF ORGANIZATION
1. Emphasized the relationship between the
performer and the environment in the planning
and control of action.
2. The greater responsibility afforded to the
spinal and skeletomuscular levels better
accounts for our ability to produce a number of
highly sophisticated patterns of coordination
(such as locomotion) without the need for cortical
guidance.

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 DST – apply the phenomenon of
SELF ORGANIZATION

3. The greater role played by the lower control

centers provides a mechanism for the automatic
postural adjustments that accompany a number
of voluntary movements.

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