Aulia cahyani

Chrisnanda Magdalena
Dhea Restie Ananda
Clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb, and
forms a sentence or part of a sentence.

In the sentence ‘They often go to Italy because they love the food’,
‘They often go to Italy’ is the main clause and ‘because they love
the food’ is a subordinate clause.
Independent clause is a clause that expresses a complete
thought and can stand as a sentence.
e.g The girls knows that the class begins at seven o’clock .

Dependent clause is a group of words that is not a sentence

but adds information to the main part of a sentence.
e.g. when it rang in She answered the phone when it rang .
A noun clause that does the work of a noun. It can be the subject,
object and object of preposition.
1. The Subject of a verb
What he said was very strange.
Where he went was a secret.
2. The object of a verb
I did not understand what he said.
Tell me where you will go.
3. The object of a preposition
We were very interested in what he said.
I agreed with what he proposed.
Adjective Clause is a dependent clause that explain noun
(someone/something).
Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (who, which, that
or whom) or relative adverbs (when or where).
e.g.

The student who answered the question was John.

Miss Wong, whom you met at our house, is going to marry
Mr.Chan.
I remember the day when we visited Paris.
Adverb Clause does the work of an adverb. It tends to tell us
something about the sentence's main verb: when, where, why,
under what conditions.

1. Manner :It indicates how an action is done.

I shall do the exercises as I have been taught.
You look as if you had seen a ghost.
Do as I told you.
2. Place: It indicates where an action was done.
The building stood where Jordan Road meets
Nathan Road.
I will go wherever you go.
Stay where you are!
3. Time : It indicates when an action was done.
While I was speaking to him, he was looking at the sky.
As soon as the crowd heard the news, they rushed to the street.
After the music had finished, he bowed to the audience.

4. Reason: It indicates why an action was done.

He succeeded because he worked hard.
He was injured because he drove too fast.
He was popular because he was kind to anyone.

5. Purpose
She opened the book in order that her friend might look at the
picture.
He is working late so that he may be free to go away
tomorrow.
The thief hid behind some bushes so that the policemen would
not see him.
6. Result
He was such a hard worker that we all expected him to pass.
He was so frightened that he did not go on.

7. Comparison
This work is not so easy as you think.
That question is easier than I thought.

8. Condition
I shall go if he asks me.
If I dropped this it would explode.
If I had known of your arrival I should have met you
In linguistic , Matrix clause is a clause that contains a
complement clause

Complement clause is a group of words that has both a subject

and a verb but can’t stand alone as a sentence (dependent clause)
that functioned as a complement.
 CP
S
C

NP VP

Det N Infl V

That/whether/if the contestant will win

Words such as that, if, and whether are known as a complementizers (Cs).
They introduce a S complement forming the CP (Complementizer Phrase)
 S
VP
CP CP
S
NP
NP VP
Infl
Infl
Non V
V C Det
Det N Past N

the psychic knows That/ the Conte- will win

wheth stant
er/if
When a CP occurs in a sentence, in which it serves as complement of
the verb know
 EMS book page 201.

Complement(s) Sample Heads Example

CP Believe, know, They believe [cp that Eric

think, remember left]

NP CP persuade, tell They told [NP Mary ] [CP that

Eric had left]
PP to CP Convince, promise, They admitted [PP to Mary]
concede, admit [CP that Eric had left]
There is no limit on the number of embedded clauses that
can occur in a sentence.

Example :
A man heard that a woman said that Sue reported that……..
 S

NP VP
CP

NP Infl VP
Infl
Pst
CP
Det N V
N Pst V C Det

A man heard that a woman said That Sue reported that..

This structure is made possible by the fact that each CP complement can
contain a verb that it self permits a complement CP.
There are four types of complement phrases.
1.CP of verb
believe that you can pass the exam.

VP

V CP

believe that you can pass the exam.

2. CP of noun
 proof that Eric will leave
NP

N CP

proof that Eric will leave

 3.CP of adjective
 certain that Eric will leave
AP

A CP

certain that Eric will leave

4. CP of preposition
 About whether Eric will leave
PP

CP
P

about whether Eric will leave

 Items Example with CP Complement

Adjectives They are afraid [CP that Eric left]

Afraid, certain, aware, confident

Nouns They lack proof [CP that Eric left]

Claim, belief, fact, knowledge, prof

Prepositions They argued over [CP whether Eric

Over, about had left]