Professional Documents
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⚫ High parity
⚫ Overdistended uterus
⚫ General anesthesia
⚫ Poorly perfused
myometrium
⚫ Prolonged labour
⚫ Following augmented labour
⚫ Uterine atony in previous labour
⚫ Chorioamnionitis
⚫ Malformation of uterus
⚫ Uterine fibroid
⚫ Very rapid labour
⚫ Mismanaged third stage of labour
⚫ Constriction ring:
⚫ Incomplete separation of placenta
⚫ Retained placenta
⚫ Abnormally adherent
⚫ Avulsed cotyledon, succenturiate lobe
⚫ Placenta previa
⚫ Placental abruption
⚫ A full bladder
⚫ Traumatic( 20%):
⚫ Combination of atonic and traumatic causes
⚫ Blood coagulation disorders, acquired or congenital:
Other risk factors are;
⚫ Antepartum hemorrhage
⚫ History of PPH or retained
placenta
⚫ Anaemia
⚫ Ketoacidosis
⚫ HIV/AIDS
Clinical Features
⚫ COMMUNICATE.
⚫ RESUSCITATE.
⚫ MONITOR / INVESTIGATE.
⚫ STOP THE BLEEDING.
Management of 3rd stage
hemorrhage
The principles in the management are:
⚫ To empty the uterus of its content and to make
it contract.
⚫ To replace the blood. If in shock, then manage
shock.
⚫ To ensure effective hemostasis in traumatic
bleeding.
Placental site bleeding
⚫ Palpate the fundus and massage the uterus to make
it hard.
⚫ Ergometrine 0.25mg or methergine 0.2mg is given
intravenously.
⚫ Start a dextrose saline drip and arrange for
blood transfusion, if necessary.
⚫ Catheterise the bladder, if it is found to be full.
⚫ Sedation may be given with morphine
15mg intramuscularly.
Manual Removal of Placenta
⚫ Step 1
⚫ Step 2
⚫ Step 3
⚫ Step 4
⚫ Step 5
⚫ Step
6
⚫ Step 7
Difficulties:
⚫ Hour – glass contraction
⚫ Morbid adherent placenta
⚫Complications :
⚫ Haemorrhage due to incomplete removal
⚫ Shock
⚫ infection
⚫ inversion
⚫ Subinvolution
⚫ Thrombophlebitis
⚫ Embolism.
Management of true post partum
haemorrhage
Principles
⚫ To diagnose the cause of bleeding.
⚫ To take prompt and effective measures to
control bleeding.
⚫ To correct hypovolemia.
Management
Immediate measures:
⚫ Call for help.
⚫ Head down tilt
⚫ Oxygen by mask, 8 litres / min
⚫ Put in two large bore,14 gauge, cannula.
⚫ Send blood for grouping and cross matching and ask for
2 units of blood.
⚫ Infuse rapidly 2 litres of NS (crystalloids) or plasma substitutes
⚫ Use a warming device and a pressure cuff.
⚫ Monitor BP and pulse every 25min, tem. every 4 hr.
⚫ Monitor type and amount of fluids the patient has
received, urine output, drugs- type, dose and time, CVP.
Actual Management:
⚫ note the feel of the uterus.
Atonic uterus
⚫ Step 1: Massage the uterus to make it
hard.
⚫ Step 2: Explore the uterus under GA
⚫ Step 3: Uterine massage and bimanual compression.
⚫ Step 4: Uterine tamponade
⚫ Step 5: Surgical methods
⚫ Step 6: hystrectomy
surgery
⚫ Ligation of uterine arteries
⚫ Ligation of the ovarian and uterine artery
anostomasis.
⚫ Ligation of the anterior division of internal iliac
artery (unilateral or bilateral).
⚫ B- Lynch brace suture and haemostatic suturing
⚫ Angiographic arterial embolisation under fluoroscopy
Secondary PPH
Causes:
The causes are,
⚫ Retained bits of placenta or membranes.
⚫ Infection and separation of slough over a deep
cervico- vaginal laceration.
⚫ Endometritis and subinvolution of the placental site
⚫ Withdrawal bleeding following oestrogen therapy for
suppression of lactation.
⚫ Other rare causes are—chorion epithelioma; carcinoma
of cervix, infected fibroid or fibroid polyp and puerperal
Diagnosis:
⚫ Principles—
⚫ (1) To assess the amount of blood loss and to
replace the lost blood.
⚫ (2) To find out the cause and to take appropriate
steps to rectify it.
Supportive therapy:
⚫ Blood transfusion, if necessary; Inj Ergometrine 0.5mg
IM, if the bleeding is uterine in origin, antibiotics as
routine.
Conservative:
⚫ If the bleeding is slight and no apparent cause is
detected, a careful watch for a period of 24hrs or so
is done in hospital.
Active treatment:
⚫ As the commonest cause is due to retained bits of
placenta or membranes, it is preferable to explore
the uterus urgently under GA. The products are
removed by ovum forceps. Gentle curettage is done
by using
flushing curette. Ergometrine 0.5mg is given IM.If
bleed is from sloughing of wound of cervico-
vaginal canal, control it by suturing.
Complications
⚫ Shock
⚫ Collapse
⚫ Disseminated intravascular
coagulation
Nursing Management
⚫ Deficient fluid volume r/t excessive blood loss
secondary to uterine atony, lacerations, incisions,
coagulation defects, retained placental fragments,
hematomas
⚫ Fear and anxiety r/t threat to physical being,
deficient knowledge of treatment .
⚫ Pain r/t uterine contractions, distention from
blood between uterine wall and placenta.
⚫ Risk for complication, shock related to
excessive bleeding
⚫ Interrupted breast feeding r/t mother’s health state
during the PPH.
⚫ Risk for impaired parent/ infant bonding r/t lack
of early parent/ infant contact.
⚫ Interrupted family process r/t change in family roles,
inability to assume usual role and prolonged
recovery period.
RETAINED PLACENTA
⚫ placenta is said to retained when it is not expelled
out even 30 minutes after the birth of the baby.
Causes:
⚫ Placenta completely separated but retained is due
to poor voluntary expulsive efforts.
⚫ Simple adherent placenta is due to uterine atonicity in
cases of grand multipara, over distension of the
uterus, prolonged labour, uterine malformation or due
to bigger placental surface area. The commonest
cause of retention of non-separated placenta is atonic
uterus.
⚫ Morbid adherent placenta- partial or rarely
incomplete.
⚫ Placenta incarcerated following partial or complete
separation due to constriction ring, premature
attempts to deliver placenta before it is separated
Diagnosis:
⚫ Haemorrhage
⚫ Shock is due to blood loss, at times unrelated
blood loss, specially when retained more than one
hour, Frequent attempts of abdominal
manipulation to express the placenta out
⚫ Puerperal sepsis
⚫ Risk of recurrence in next pregnancy.
PLACENTA ACCRETA
⚫ It is defined as an extreme rare form in which the
placenta is directly anchored to the myometrium
partially or completely without any intervening
deciduas. The abnormal adherence may involve all
lobules—total placenta accreta. Or, it may involve
only a few to several lobules— partial placenta
accreta. All or part of a single lobule may be
attached— focal placenta accreta.
PLACENTA INCRETA
⚫ placenta increta, villi actually invade into the
myometrium and anchored into the muscle
bundles.
PLACENTA PERCRETA
⚫ with placenta percreta, villi penetrate through the
myometrium upto the serosal layer.
Associated Conditions
⚫ placenta previa,
⚫ prior cesarean delivery,
⚫ previously undergone curettage
⚫ gravida 6 or more.
⚫ MSAFP levels exceeded 2.5
MoM;
Diagnosis
⚫ Haemorrhage
⚫ Shock
⚫ Infection
⚫ Inversion of
uterus
INVERSION OF THE UTERUS
⚫ Definition:
⚫ It is extremely rare but a life threatening
complication in third stage in which the uterus is
turned inside out partially or completely.
Varieties:
⚫ Spontaneous: 40%
⚫ Iatrogenic:
Diagnosis:
Symptoms:
⚫ Acute lower abdominal pain with bearing
down sensation
Signs:
⚫ Varying degree of shock is a constant feature
⚫ Abdominal examination
⚫ Bimanual examination
⚫ In complete variety pear shaped mass protrudes
outside the vulva with broad end pointing
downwards and looking reddish purple in colour
Prevention: