CH 04

Chapter 4
Molecular View of Reactions in

Aqueous Solutions
Chemistry, 7th Edition

International Student Version
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Dissociation of salts:
Na3PO4(aq) →
3Na+(aq) + PO43–(aq)
Al2(SO4)3(aq) →
2Al3+(aq) + 3SO42–(aq)
CaCl2(aq) →
Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq)
Ca(MnO4)2(aq) →
Ca2+(aq) + 2MnO4–(aq)
Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 2
Equations of Ionic Reactions
1. Molecular Equation
 Complete formulas for all reactants and products
 Formulas written with ions together
 Does not indicate presence of ions (no charges)
 Gives identities of all compounds
 Good for planning experiments
e.g.,
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq)  PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
2. Ionic Equation
 Emphasizes the reaction between ions
 All strong electrolytes dissociate into ions
 Used to visualize what is actually occurring in
solution
 Insoluble solids written together as they don’t
dissociate to any appreciable extent
e.g.,
Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq) + 2K+(aq) + 2I–(aq) 
PbI2(s) + 2K+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq)
Spectator Ions
 Ions that don’t take part in reaction
 They hang around and watch
 K+ and NO3– in our example
3. Net Ionic Equation
 Eliminate all spectator ions
 Emphasizes the actual reaction
 Focus on chemical change that occurs
e.g., Pb2+(aq) + 2I–(aq)  PbI2(s)
Learning Check: Convert Molecular
to Ionic Equations:
Write the correct ionic equation for :
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NH4IO3(aq) →
Pb(IO3)2(s) + 2NH4NO3(aq)
Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq) + 2NH4+(aq) + 2IO3–(aq) →
Pb(IO3)2(s) + 2NH4+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq)
Your Turn
Consider the following reaction :
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)
Write the correct ionic equation.
A. 2Na+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + Cl22–(aq) →

2Na+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + BaSO4(s)
B. 2Na+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) →
2Na+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + BaSO4(s)
C. 2Na+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + Cl22–(aq) →
2Na+(aq)+ 2Cl–(aq) + Ba2+(s) + SO42–(s)
D. Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → BaSO4(s)
E. Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → Ba2+(s) + SO42–(s)
Your Turn
Consider the following molecular equation:
(NH4)2SO4(aq) + Ba(CH3CO2)2(aq) →
2NH4CH3CO2(aq) + BaSO4(s)
Write the correct net ionic equation.
A. Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → BaSO4(s)
B. 2NH4+(aq) + 2CH3CO2–(aq) → 2NH4CH3CO2(s)
C. Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → BaSO4(aq)
D.2NH4+(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + 2CH3CO2–(aq) →
2NH4+(aq) + 2CH3CO2–(aq) + BaSO4(s)
E. 2NH4+(aq) + 2CH3CO2–(aq) → 2NH4CH3CO2(aq)
Arrhenius Acid
 Substance that reacts with water to produce the
hydronium ion, H3O+
HCl(g) + H2O  Cl–(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Acid + H2O  Anion + H3O+

HA + H2O  A– + H3O+
Strong Acids
HClO4(aq) perchloric acid
HClO3(aq) chloric acid
HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid
HBr(aq) hydrobromic acid
HI(aq) hydroiodic acid
HNO3(aq) nitric acid
H2SO4(aq) sulfuric acid
 Dissociate completely when dissolved in water
e.g., HBr(g) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + Br–(aq)
 Good electrical conduction (i.e., strong electrolytes)
Weak Acids
 Any acid other than seven strong acids
 Are also weak electrolytes, i.e, ionize < 100%
Organic acids
HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2–(aq)
HCO2H(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + HCO2–(aq)
Your Turn
Which of the following is a strong acid?
A. HF (hydrofluoric acid)
B. HClO3 (chloric acid)
C. H3PO4 (phosphoric acid)
D. HNO2 (nitrous acid)
E. H2SO3 (sulfurous acid)
Acidic Anhydrides
Nonmetal Oxides
 Act as Acids
 React with water to form molecular acids that
contain hydrogen
SO3(g) + H2O  H2SO4(aq)
sulfuric acid
N2O5(g) + H2O  2HNO3(aq)
nitric acid
CO2(g) + H2O  H2CO3(aq)
carbonic acid
Strong Bases
 Bases that dissociate completely in water
 Soluble metal hydroxides
 KOH(aq)  K+(aq) + OH–(aq)
 Good electrical conductors (i.e., strong electrolytes)
 Behave as aqueous ionic compounds
 Common strong bases are:
 Group 1A metal hydroxides
 LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH
 Group 2A metal hydroxides
 Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
Arrhenius Base
 Substance that produces OH–
 Ionic substances containing OH– or O2-
 Molecular substances
Ionic compound containing OH–

a. Metal hydroxides
 Dissociate into metal and hydroxide ions
NaOH(s)  Na+(aq) + OH–(aq)
Mg(OH)2(s)  Mg2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq)
Arrhenius Bases
2. Molecular Bases
 Undergo ionization (hydrolysis) reaction to form
hydroxide ions
NH3 H2O  NH4+ OH–

Ionic Oxides
b. Basic Anhydrides
 Soluble metal oxides
 Undergo ionization (hydrolysis) reaction to
form hydroxide ions
 Oxide reacts with water to form metal hydroxide
CaO(s) + H2O  Ca(OH)2(aq)
 Then metal hydroxide dissociates in water

Ca(OH)2(aq)  Ca2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq)
Your Turn
Which of the following is not a strong base?
A. NaOH
B. CH3NH2
C. Cs2O
D. Ba(OH)2
E. CaO
Naming Acids
A. Binary Acids — hydrogen + nonmetal
 Take molecular name
 Drop –gen from H name
 Merge hydro– with nonmetal name
 Replace –ide with –ic acid
 HCl
 HBr
 HI
 HF
 H2S
 HCN
Oxoacids (Aqueous)
Named according to the anion suffix
 Anion ends in -ite, acid name is -ous acid
 Anion ends in -ate, acid name is -ic acid
Name of Parent Name of Oxoacid

Oxoanion
NO3 nitrate HNO3 nitric acid
SO42 sulfate H2SO4 sulfuric acid
ClO2 chlorite HClO2 chlorous acid
PO32 phosphite H3PO3 phosphorous acid
Learning Check: Name Each
Aqueous Acid
 HNO2  nitrous acid

 HCN  hydrocyanic acid
 HClO4  perchloric acid
 HF  hydrofluoric acid
 H2CO3  carbonic acid
1. Predicting Precipitation Reactions
Metathesis Reaction
 Reactions where anions and cations exchange
partners.
 Also called double replacement reaction
 Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq)  PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
Precipitation reactions
 Metathesis reactions where precipitate forms
How can we predict if compounds are
insoluble?
 Must know solubility rules
Table 5.1 Solubility Rules
Soluble Compounds
1. All salts of the alkali metals (Group 1A) are
soluble.
2. All salts containing NH4+, NO3–, ClO4–, ClO3–, and
C2H3O2– are soluble.
3. All chlorides, bromides, and iodides (salts
containing Cl–, Br–, or I–) are soluble except when
combined with Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg22+
(note the subscript 2).
4. All salts containing SO42– are soluble except those
of Pb2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, and Hg22+.
Table 5.1 Solubility Rules
Insoluble Compounds
5. All metal hydroxides (ionic compounds containing
OH) and all metal oxides (ionic compounds
containing O2 are insoluble except those of Group
1A and those of Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+.
 When metal oxides do dissolve, they react with water
to form hydroxides. The oxide ion, O2, does not exist
in water. For example:
Na2O(s) + H2O  2NaOH(aq)
6. All salts containing PO43–, CO32–, SO32– and S2– are
insoluble except those of Group 1A and NH4+
Learning Check: Solubility Rules
Which of the following compounds are
expected to be soluble in water?
Ca(C2H3O2)2 Yes
FeCO3 No
AgCl No
Learning Check: Predict Products
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) 
Pb(OH)2(s) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)
BaCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)  BaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
2Na3PO4(aq) + 3Hg2(NO3)2(aq) 
6NaNO3(aq) + (Hg2)3(PO4)2(s)
NR (No reaction)
2 NaCl(aq) + Ca(NO3)2(aq) 
CaCl2(aq) + 2NaNO3(aq)
Learning Check
 Predict the reaction that will occur when aqueous
solutions of Cd(NO3)2 and Na2S are mixed. Write
molecular, ionic and net ionic equations.
Molecular equation:
Cd(NO3)2(aq) + Na2S(aq)  CdS(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
Ionic equation:
Cd2+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + S2–(aq) 
CdS(s) + 2NO3–(aq) + 2Na+(aq)
Net ionic equation:

Cd2+(aq) + S2–(aq)  CdS(s)
2. Predicting Acid−Base Reactions
Neutralization reaction
 Can be viewed as a metathesis reaction
HClO4(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaClO4(aq) + H2O
Ionic equation
H+(aq) + ClO4–(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH–(aq) →
H2O + Na+(aq) + ClO4–(aq)
Net ionic equation
H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O
Neutralization Between Strong Acid
and Strong Base
Molecular equation
2HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → 2H2O + CaCl2(aq)
Ionic equation
2H+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + Ca2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) →
2H2O + Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq)
Net ionic equation
2H+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) → 2H2O
H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O
True for any strong acid and strong base
Weak Acid with Strong Base
Molecular Equation:
HC2H3O2(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O + NaC2H3O2(aq)
Ionic Equation:
HC2H3O2(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH–(aq) →
H2O +Na+(aq) + C2H3O2–(aq)
Net Ionic Equation:
HC2H3O2(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O + C2H3O2–(aq)
Neutralization of Strong Acid with
Insoluble Base
Insoluble Hydroxides
Molecular Equation
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) 
MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O
Ionic Equation
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) 
Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + 2H2O
Net Ionic Equation
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq)  Mg2+(aq) + 2H2O
Strong Acid with Weak Base
Molecular equation:
NH3(aq) + HCl(aq)  NH4Cl(aq)
Ionic equation :
NH3(aq) + H+(aq) + Cl–(aq)  NH4+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
Net ionic equation :
NH3(aq) + H+(aq)  NH4+(aq)
NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)  NH4+(aq) + H2O

Your Turn
What is the net ionic equation for the reaction:
NaOH(aq) + HF(aq)  ?
A. Na+(aq) + OH–(aq) + H+(aq) + F–(aq) 

H2O + NaF(aq)
B. OH–(aq) + H+(aq)  H2O
C. Na+(aq) + OH–(aq) + HF(aq)  H2O + NaF(aq)
D. OH–(aq) + HF(aq)  H2O + F–(aq)
E. No reaction
Challenge Problem
What is the net ionic equation for reaction of an
insoluble hydroxide and a weak acid?
Molecular equation
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HC2H3O2(aq) 
Mg(C2H3O2)2(aq) + 2H2O
Ionic equation
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HC2H3O2(aq) 
Mg2+(aq) + 2H2O + 2C2H3O2–(aq)
 There are NO spectator ions!
 So net ionic and ionic equations are the same in this
case
Metathesis and Gas Formation
1. Gases formed CO2, SO2, NH3 by metathesis
 H2S, HCN
2. Unstable compounds—decompose and form
gas
 H2CO3  H2O and CO2(g)
 H2SO3  H2O and SO2(g)
 NH4OH  H2O and NH3(g)
Reactions that Release CO2
a) b)
a) Acid with Bicarbonate (HCO3–)

NaHCO3(aq) + HI(aq)  NaI(aq) + H2O + CO2(g)
b) Acid with Carbonate (CO32–)
CaCO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + H2O + CO2(g)
Reactions that Release Gases
Acid with Sulfites (SO32–) or Bisulfites (HSO32–)
K2SO3(aq) + 2HClO4(aq)  SO2(g) + 2KClO4(aq) + H2O
LiHSO3(aq) + HClO3(aq)  SO2(g) + H2O + LiClO3(aq)
Acid with Sulfides
2HCl(aq) + Na2S(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + H2S(g)
Acid with Cyanides
HNO3(aq) + CsCN(aq)  HCN(g) + CsNO3(aq)
Bases with Ammonium salts

NaOH(aq) + NH4Cl(aq) 
Learning Check
Write the molecular, ionic and net ionic equations
for the reaction of Li2SO3 with formic acid, HCHO2
Molecular equation:
Li2SO3(aq) + 2HCHO2(aq) 
2LiCHO2(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O
Ionic equation:
2Li+(aq) + SO32–(aq) + 2HCHO2(aq)  2CHO2–
(aq) + 2Li+(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O
Net ionic equation:
SO32 –(aq) + 2HCHO2(aq) 
2CHO –(aq) + SO (g) + H O
Molar Concentration
Dissolve solutes. Make separate solutions

Mix Solutions

Allow Reaction to occur
 Need to know quantitatively HOW MUCH of
each solute we used.
 Define
Learning Check: Calculating Molarity
(from grams and volume)
Calculate the molarity (M) of a solution prepared
by dissolving 11.5 g NaOH (40.00 g/mol) solid in
enough water to make 1.50 L of solution.
g NaOH  mol NaOH  M NaOH
Learning Check: Calculating Volume
(from Molarity and moles)
How many mL of 0.250 M NaCl solution are
needed to obtain 0.100 mol of NaCl?
 Use M definition
 Given molarity and moles, need volume
= 400 mL of 0.250 M NaCl solution

Learning Check: Preparing Solution
of Known Molarity from Solid
How many grams of strontium nitrate are required
to prepare 250.0 mL of 0.100 M Sr(NO3)2 solution?
M × V  mol × MM  g
1. Convert molarity and volume to mole
= 0.0250 mol Sr(NO3)2

2. Convert mol to g
= 5.29 g Sr(NO3)2
Diluting Solutions
 Moles of solute do not change upon dilution
 Just changing volume
Number of moles in dilute = number of moles
in concentrated
Moles of solute Moles of solute in the

in the dilute solution concentrated solution
Vdil  Mdil = Vconc  Mconc
Learning Check: Dilutions
What volume (in mL) of 16.0 M H2SO4 must be
used to prepare 1.00 L of 2.00 M H2SO4?
Rearranging gives
= 125 mL
Your Turn
What volume of 12.1 M HCl is needed to create
250. mL of 3.2 M HCl?
A. 66 mL
B. 800 mL
C. 3025 mL Vconc = 66 mL
D. 945 mL
E. 9680 mL
Learning Check: Solution Stoichiometry
How many milliliters of 0.0475 M H3PO4 could be
completely neutralized by 45.0 mL of 0.100 M
KOH? The balanced equation for the reaction is
H3PO4(aq) + 3KOH(aq)  K3PO4(aq) + 3H2O
Strategy:
Coefficients of
mol KOH mol H3PO4
Balanced equation
Vol and M of mol and M of
KOH soln H3PO4 soln
KOH solution H3PO4 soln
Learning Check: Solution Stoichiometry
1. Calculate moles of KOH
= 4.50 × 10–3 mol KOH

2. Use coefficients to calculate the moles H3PO4
required
= 1.50 × 10–3 mol H3PO4

3. Calculate volume of H3PO4 needed
= 31.6 mL H3PO4
Learning Check: Solution Limiting
Reagent Problem
How many grams of PbI2 (461.0 g/mol) will form if
20.0 mL of 0.800 M FeI3 (436.5 g/mol) is mixed
with 50.0 mL of 0.300 M Pb(NO3)2 (269.2 g/mol)?
3Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2FeI3(aq)  3PbI2(s) + 2Fe(NO3)3(aq)
Net ionic equation: Pb2+(aq) + 2I(aq)  PbI2(s)
Strategy
vol Pb(NO3)2  mol Pb(NO3)2  mol Pb2+  mol PbI2  g PbI2
vol FeI3  mol FeI3  mol I  mol PbI2  g PbI2
 The calculation that gives the least PbI2 determines
howBrady/Jespersen/Hyslop,
much is formed and©which
Chemistry7E, Copyright reagent
2015 John Wiley is limiting
& Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 48
Limiting Reagent Problem
Starting with Pb(NO3)2
= 6.92 g PbI2
Starting with FeI3
= 11.06 g PbI2
Pb(NO3)2 is limiting and only 6.92 g of PbI2 can be made.

Titration
A 25.00 mL sample of HNO3 is titrated with 75.00 mL
of 1.30 M Ca(OH)2. What is the concentration of HNO3
in the initial sample?
2HNO3(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq)  2AgBr(s) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)
A. 0.433 M
B. 1.95 M
C. 0.867 M
D. 3.90 M = 7.80 M HNO3
E. 7.80 M

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CH 04

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Chapter 4

Molecular View of Reactions in

Chemistry, 7th Edition

A. 2Na+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + Cl22–(aq) →

HCl(g) + H2O  Cl–(aq) + H3O+(aq)

Acid + H2O  Anion + H3O+

HCO2H(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + HCO2–(aq)

Ionic compound containing OH–

NH3 H2O  NH4+ OH–

 Then metal hydroxide dissociates in water

Name of Parent Name of Oxoacid

 HNO2  nitrous acid

BaCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)  BaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

Net ionic equation:

NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)  NH4+(aq) + H2O

A. Na+(aq) + OH–(aq) + H+(aq) + F–(aq) 

a) Acid with Bicarbonate (HCO3–)

Bases with Ammonium salts

 Given molarity and moles, need volume

= 400 mL of 0.250 M NaCl solution

= 0.0250 mol Sr(NO3)2

Moles of solute Moles of solute in the

KOH solution H3PO4 soln

= 4.50 × 10–3 mol KOH

= 1.50 × 10–3 mol H3PO4

Starting with FeI3

Pb(NO3)2 is limiting and only 6.92 g of PbI2 can be made.

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