Chapter 1 :

Introduction on
Disease Occurrence
In Ponds Or Hatchery
Dr. Sharifah Raina Manaf
Faculty of Plantation and
Agrotechnology
 Objectives
 At the end on this chapter student should be able to:

 Define the disease in aquatic organism

 Identify the disease occurrence in ponds
 Identify the disease occurrence in hatchery
 Introduction

List the example of

What is disease?
diseases.

What is the prevention of

disease?
 Introduction
Health Management
 Disease is any condition of an aquatic animal that impairs normal physiological
functions.
 Fish disease outbreaks increase production costs because of the investment lost in
dead fish, the cost of treatment, and decreased growth during convalescence.
 In nature, we are less aware of fish disease problems because sick animals are
quickly removed from the population by predators.
 Introduction
Health Management
 In addition, fish are much less crowded in natural systems than in captivity.
 Parasites and bacteria may be of minimal significance under natural conditions,
but they can contribute to substantial problems when animals are crowded and
stressed under culture conditions.
 Fish health management describes management practices that are designed to
prevent fish disease.
 Once fish get sick, salvage is difficult.
 Introduction
Health Management
 Successful fish health management begins with disease prevention rather than
treatment.
 Good water-quality management, nutrition, and sanitation prevent fish diseases.
Without this foundation, outbreaks of opportunistic diseases are impossible to
prevent.
 Introduction
Health Management
 As below illustrates, disease results from the interaction of the host fish with the
environment and the pathogen.
Introduction on Disease Occurrence In Ponds
Henneguya shaharini Shariff is found to be the
This episode of epizootic gill henneguyosis
possible cause of high rates of mortality in
had a distinct seasonal pattern from late
pond-reared marble goby, Oxyeleotris
December to middle May when water
marmoratus Bleeker and Oxyeleotris lineolata
temperature ranged from 13 to 22 ◦C, but no
Steindachner and the hybrid species of O.
significantly geographical bias was found.
marmoratus (♀) ˟ O. lineolata (♂).

The severely infected fish, however, swam

No remarkable clinical symptoms were found lonely and listlessly at the water surface and
in affected fish with the early onset of disease. the gill filaments of moribund fish had much
smudge attached.

Upon necropsy, large amounts
of myxosporean plasmodia of
variable size could be found in
the gill filaments.
The high infection intensity
causing the displacement of gill
filament by plasmodia and
respiratory failure was possibly
the main cause of fish mortality.
Histopathological investigations
showed that the plasmodia were
generally intralamellar, but
rarely interlamellar and no
distinct inflammatory responses
surrounding the intact
plasmodia were observed. 
Phylogenetic analysis indicated
that H. shaharini clustered with
two gill-infecting congeners to
form an independent Gobioidei-
infecting branch in a freshwater
Henneguya cluster within a
marine Henneguya-Myxobolus
clade.
Introduction
on Disease
Occurrence In
Hatchery
 Introduction on Disease Occurrence In
Hatchery
Aeromonas Flavobacterium
Bacterial diseases
Protozoan diseases: Pseudomonas Vibrios
Ichthyopthirius multifiliis
Trichodiniasis
Ichthyobodosis Fungal diseases Saprolegnia

Myxosporidiean diseases:
Grass carp hemorrhagic
Myxosoma cerebralis
virus (GCHV)
Parasitic diseases Monogenetic trematode:
Dactylogyrus Viral diseases Infectious pancreatic
spp. (gill flukes) necrosis (IPN)
Gyrodactylus spp.
(skin flukes) Koi herpesvirus disease
(KHVD)
Crustacean: Environmental
Argulus (Fish louse) Gas bubble disease
Mediated Diseases
Lernaea
Algal toxicosis disease