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Costs of Production
Short run Cost Curves
• Cost curves show the minimum cost of producing various
levels of output
• Both explicit and implicit costs are included
• Explicit costs refer to the actual expenditures of the firm
to purchase or hire the inputs it needs
• Implicit costs refer to the value of inputs owned by the
firm and used by the firm in its own production process
• The value of these owned inputs should be imputed or
estimated from what they could earn in their best
alternative use
Costs of Production
Short run Cost Curves
Short run
• In the short run, one or more (but not all) factor(s) of
production are fixed in quantity
• In the short run there are total fixed costs, total variable
costs and total costs
Total fixed costs (TFC) are the costs that the firm incurs in the
short run for its fixed inputs
These are constant regardless of the level of output and of whether it
produces or not
An example of TFC is the rent that a producer must pay for the factory
building over the life of a lease
Costs of Production
Short run Cost Curves
• Total variable costs (TVC) are costs incurred by the
firm for the variable inputs it uses
• These vary directly with the level of output and are zero
when no output is produced e.g. raw material costs, labour
costs
• Total costs (TC) are equal to the sum of total fixed costs
and total variable costs
• Though total Costs are very important, average costs are
even more important in the short-run analysis of the firm
Costs of Production
Short run Average Cost Curves
• The short run per unit costs that we consider the average
fixed costs, the average variable cost and the average cost
• Average fixed cost (AFC) equals total fixed costs divided
by output
• Average variable cost (AVC) equals total variable costs
divided by output
• Average cost (AC) equals total costs divided by output
(also equals AFC plus AVC
• Marginal Cost (MC) equals the change in TC, or the
change in TVC per unit change in output
Short Run Costs
• Example
Short Run Costs
• From the table above we get the following graphs
Long Run Costs
• In the long run, there are no fixed factors, and a
firm can build a plant of any size
• Once a frim has constructed a particular plant, it
operates in the short run
• A plant size can be represented by its short run
average cost (SAC) curve
Long Run Costs
• Larger plants can be represented by SAC curves
which lie further to the right
• The LAC curve shows the minimum per unit costs of
producing each level of output when any desired
plant can be built
• The LAC curve is thus formed from the relevant
segments of the SAC curves
Long Run Costs
Profit Maximization
• As a firm produces and sells more units, its total costs will
increase and its total revenues will also increase
• Provided the extra cost of making an extra unit is less than
the extra revenue obtained from selling it, the firm’s profits
will increase by making and selling that extra unit
• If the extra cost of making that extra unit of output exceeds
the extra revenue obtained from selling it, profit declines
• Profit is maximized when MR = MC
Profit Maximization
a
Profit Maximization – Perfect Competition
• In the
short run
the firm
will set
MR=MC
and the
resultant
output
will be Q