Learning Competencies

• Apply the principles of conservation of

mass to chemical reactions

• Explain how the factors affecting rates of

chemical reactions are applied in food
preservation and materials production,
control of fire, pollution, and corrosion
Chemical Reactions
Making new substances
 Main Ideas
• Chemical Reactions are represented by
Chemical Equations.
• Chemical Equations are balanced to show
the same number of atoms of each
element on each side.
• The Law of Conservation of Mass says that
atoms won’t be created or destroyed in a
chemical reaction. That is why you have to
balance chemical equations!
 Occurrence of a
Chemical Reaction
 Chemical Reaction
• A process in which one set of substances
called reactants is converted to a new set
of substances called products
• Chemical changes of different substances
that involve the breaking & reforming of
bonds to produce new substances
• reactants ⎯→ products
• 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) ⎯→ 2NaCl(s)
Chemical Reaction Characteristics
• The atoms of the substances rearrange but the
total number of atoms remains the same after
the reaction
• The original substances lose their identities &
can no longer be recognized in the newly
formed products
• Energy is also involved in the chemical reaction.
Heat is either absorbed or released.
• The total mass of the reactants is equal to the
total mass of the products.
Chemical Reactions are
Everywhere
Cooking
Respiration
Chemical Reactions are
Everywhere
Hair Dye Auto Fuel
 How do you know when a
chemical reaction takes place?
Color Change Precipitate Formation
 How do you know when a
chemical reaction takes place?
Gas Formation Odor
 How do you know when a
chemical reaction takes place?
Temperature Change Change in Acidity
 Collision Theory
• Theory used to predict the rates of
chemical reactions, particularly of gases
• Based on the assumption that for a
reaction to occur, it is necessary for the
reacting species (atoms or molecules) to
come together or collide with one
another
Collision Theory
 Activation Energy
• A term used to described the minimum
energy which must be available to a
chemical system with potential reactants
to result in a chemical reaction
Activation Energy
 Reaction Mechanism
• Refer to the description of path, or sequence
of steps, by which a reaction occurs
• Involves different elementary processes that
express how actually molecules or ions react
with each other
Reaction Mechanism
Chemical Equations are different from
Numerical Equations
• Numerical Equation: 3x + 2y = 47
• Chemical Equation 2Na + Cl2 🡪 2NaCl
• Reactant A + Reactant B 🡪 Product
• The reactants are used up in forming the
product
• The arrow 🡪 shows the direction of the
reaction
 Symbols used in Chemical
Equations
Symbol Purpose

+ Separates more than one reactant or product

🡪 Separates reactants from products. Indicates direction of

reaction
(s) Identifies a solid state

(aq) Identifies that something is dissolved in water

(l) Identifies liquid state

(g) Identifies gaseous state

 Chemical Reaction
Involves Energy Change
 Endothermic Reactions
• Reactions that take in energy from the
surroundings to keep them going
• Energy is usually transferred as heat
energy, causing the reaction mixture &
its surroundings to get colder
• In photosynthesis, plants produce
glucose & oxygen in the presence of the
energy from sunlight
• 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
 Exothermic Reactions
• Reactions that transfer energy to the
surroundings
• Energy is usually transferred as heat
energy, causing the reaction mixture & its
surroundings to become hotter
• Combustion of fuel like propane
• C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O + energy
 Endothermic & Exothermic
Reactions

Endothermic Reaction - PE of the reactant is

lower compared to the product
Spontaneous Reactions
 Spontaneous Reactions
⮚ A spontaneous process is capable of
proceeding in a given direction without
needing to be driven by an outside source of 
energy.

⮚ an exergonic reaction type

⮚ It favors the formation of products under the
given reaction conditions
⮚ combustion reaction, aeration, burning of
wood, baking soda & vinegar, formation of rust
Nonspontaneous Reactions
 Nonspontaneous Reactions
⮚ an endergonic reaction type
⮚ Processes that require the influence of
external factors in the form of energy
or heat to proceed
⮚ electrolysis of water, photosynthesis,
ozone formation
 Driving Forces for all Chemical
Reactions
1. Enthalpy – the heat transferred during
a constant pressure process
+ enthalpy = endothermic reaction
- enthalpy = exothermic process
2. Entropy – a measure of thermal energy
per unit temperature that is not
available for useful work; a measure of
the disorder of a system
Rate of Chemical Reaction
 Factors Affecting the Rates of
Reaction
1. Surface area of reactants – the rate of
reaction increases as the exposed
surface area of the reactants increases
2. Concentration of reactants – an increase
in the concentration of reactants causes
an increase in the rate of the reaction
3. Temperature – an increase in
temperature results in an increase in the
KE of the reacting particles
 Factors Affecting the Rates of
Reaction
4. Presence of catalyst – a catalyst is a
substance that, when added to a
reaction mixture, increases the rate of
the reaction but not changed or used
up after the reaction is completed.
Enzymes – biological catalysts
Inhibitors – a substance that will slow
down chemical reactions (spoilage of
food & ripening of fruits)
 Applications of the Factors
Affecting the Rate of Reaction
1. Food & pharmaceutical products
preservation (low T)
2. Preservation or decomposition of specimen
(cryopreservation, low T)
3. Medication or poisoning the body
(concentration or dosage)
4. Dating, restoration, & preservation of
artifacts (polyethylene glycol, surface area)
 Applications of the Factors
Affecting the Rate of Reaction
5. Power companies – coals, fireworks,
gun powder (surface area)
6. Control fires (surface area)
Laws of Chemical Change
1. Laws of Conservation of Mass – also
known as the Lomonosov-Lavoisier
Law
“the total quantity of mass of substance
remains constant regardless of any
change that takes place”
2. Laws of Definite Composition
“elements combined to form compound
always contains exactly the same
proportion of elements by mass”
3. Laws of Multiple Proportion –
sometimes called the Dalton’s Law
“when two elements form more than
one compound, the ratios of the
masses of the second element
combining with a fixed mass of the
first elements will be in ratio of small
whole numbers”
Types of Chemical Reaction
 1. Combination or Synthesis
Reaction
⮚ 2 or more simple substances (either
elements or compounds) combine to
form a more complex substance or
one product
⮚ A+B AB
 1. Combination or Synthesis
Reaction
a. Metal + Non-metal Binary
Compound (oxide, sulfide, halide)
4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3
Mg + S MgS
 1. Combination or Synthesis
Reaction
b. N0n-metal + Oxygen Nonmetaloxide
2C + O2 2CO (limited)
C + O2 C O2 (excess)

c. Metaloxide + Water Metalhydroxide

(base)
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
 1. Combination or Synthesis
Reaction
d. N0n-metaloxide + Water Oxyacid
SO2 + H2O H2SO3
SO3 + H2O H2SO4

e. Metaloide + Non-Metal Salt

CaO + SO2 CaSO3
 2. Decomposition or Analysis
Reaction
⮚ a compound breaks down into 2 or more
simpler compounds or elements
⮚ AB 🡪 A + B

a. Thermal decomposition – caused by rise in

T; heat is added
2HgO 🡪 2Hg + O2
2NH4NO3 🡪 4H2O + 2N2 + O2
 2. Decomposition or Analysis
Reaction
b. Photochemical decomposition –
caused by light; heat is added
2AgBr 🡪 2Ag + Br2

c. Chemical decomposition – caused by

catalysts; manganese dioxide (MnO2) is
added
2H2O2 🡪 2H2O + O2
 2. Decomposition or Analysis
Reaction
d. Electrolytic decomposition –
electricity is used
2NaCl (s) 🡪 2Na (l) + Cl2 (g)
PbBr2 (aq) 🡪 Pb (s) + Br2 (aq)
 3. Substitution or Single
Replacement Reaction
⮚ a more active element replaces a less
active element in the compound
a. A more active metallic element (C)
replaces the less active metal
⮚ C + AB 🡪 CB + A
⮚ Fe + CuSO4 🡪 FeSO4 + Cu
⮚ Zn + 2HCl 🡪 H2 + ZnCl2
 3. Substitution or Single
Replacement Reaction
⮚ a more active element replaces a less
active element in the compound
b. A more active non-metal element (D)
replaces the less active non-metallic
element
⮚ D + AB 🡪 AD + B
⮚ Cl2 + 2KI 🡪 2KCl + I2
⮚ F2 + 2NaBr 🡪 2NaF + Br2
4. Double Replacement or Ionic
Reaction
⮚ characterized by the exchange of ions
(charged atoms or group of atoms
held by covalent bonds such as NH4+,
NO3-, CO3-, SO42-) between 2
compounds
⮚ AB + CD 🡪 AD + CB
 4. Double Replacement or Ionic
Reaction
a. Reaction between Base
HCl + NaOH 🡪 NaCl + H2O
H2SO4 + 2KOH 🡪 K2SO4 + 2H2O
b. Reaction between solutions of 2 soluble
salts
NaCl + AgNO3 🡪 NaNO3 + AgCl
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 🡪 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
Balancing Chemical Equations
How would you balance this equation?
Li + H2O 🡪 H2 + LiOH
 Chemical Equation
⮚ A representation of a chemical reaction
⮚ Illustrates the formulas & quantities of
reactants & products in a chemical
reaction

Elements with Diatomic Molecules:

⮚ H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
 Rules in Balancing Chemical
Equations
1. Write a chemical equation with correct
symbols & formulas.
2. Count the number of atoms of each
element on each side of the arrow.
3. Balance the atoms by using coefficients.
4. Check your work by counting the atoms
of each element.
Coefficient – a whole number written
before the chemical formula of the
substance to make the chemical equation
balance; serves as the multiplier of the
atoms in the formula
The subscripts in a formula never
changed, since a change in the subscript
would mean a change in the substance
involved.
 Example #1
• Balance the Equation
CH4 + O2 🡪 CO2 + H2O
• Step 1: Write the formulas of the
substances.
CH4 + O2 🡪 CO2 + H2O
• Step 2: Count the atoms of each
element on each side of the
equation.
CH4 + O2 🡪 CO2 + H2O
Reactant Element Product
1 C 1
4 H 2
2 O 3
• Step 3: Adjust the coefficients.
CH4 + 2O2 🡪 CO2 + 2H2O
• Step 4: Check if the number of atoms
of each element is the same on both
sides.
Reactant Element Product
1 C 1
4 H 4
4 O 4
 Example #2
• Balance the Equation
Ca(OH)2 + H3PO4 🡪 Ca3(PO4) 2 + H2O
• Step 1: Write the formulas of the
substances.
Ca(OH)2 + H3PO4 🡪 Ca3(PO4) 2 + H2O
• Step 2: Count the atoms of each
element on each side of the
equation.
Ca(OH)2 + H3PO4 🡪 Ca3(PO4) 2 + H2O
Reactant Element Product
1 Ca 3
6 O 9
5 H 2
1 P 2
• Step 3: Adjust the coefficients.
3Ca(OH)2 + 2H3PO4 🡪 Ca3(PO4) 2 + 6H2O
• Step 4: Check if the number of atoms
of each element is the same on both
sides.
Reactant Element Product
3 Ca 3
14 O 14
12 H 12
2 P 2
1) _Mg + _N2 🡪 _Mg3N (C)
2) _MgO + _H2O 🡪 _Mg(OH) 2 (C)
3) _Na + _ H2O 🡪 _NaOH + _H2 (SR)
4) _Fe + _CuSO4 🡪 _Cu + _Fe2(SO4) 3
(SR)
5) _Al + _CuCl2 🡪 _Cu + _AlCl3 (SR)
 Review
Matter is not destroyed or
created
Atoms are rearranged in
chemical reactions
Chemical equations
represent chemical reactions
You have to have the same
number of each type of atom
on the left and right hand
side of a chemical equation
 WARNING!
Don’t mess with the insides of polyatomic ions –
put a square around them, or label them as X –
treat the WHOLE polyatomic ion as though it
were an element!
Don’t ever play around with subscripts (those
little numbers that tell you how many atoms are
in a molecule) e.g.

C6H22O11