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 GO FOR GOLD:
9.1. Explain critical reading as form
of reasoning.
 CRITICAL READING
more active and complex kind of reading
that involves a process of analyzing,
interpreting and, sometimes, evaluating
(O'Connor, 2014)
Comparison Between Noncritical
Reading and Critical Reading

only facts or information careful, active, reflective,

from a text and analytical reading of a
text
 FORMULATING ASSERTIONS
ABOUT TEXT CONTENT
Inferences is a process by which readers
use clues and “read between the line” to
gather information and evidence.
 FORMULATING ASSERTIONS
ABOUT TEXT CONTENT
In making inferences, be sure not to
assume too much by going beyond the
available information; otherwise, your
inferences might become incorrect.
BUILDING INFERENCES SKILLS
1. Try to read beyond the words. Fill in
details and information based on the
writer’s suggestions.
BUILDING INFERENCES SKILLS
2. Question yourself as you read. “Why is
this person doing what she is doing?” you
might ask as you read. “What can I infer
from the scene?” Supply the answers on
the basis of the writer’s clues and your
own experiences.
BUILDING INFERENCES SKILLS
3. If a writer describes a person, try to understand
the person from how she moves, what she says,
what she looks like. You can infer things about
character from the way a person behaves. Try to
build a picture of the person in your mind; base
your picture on the writer’s description of action
and appearance.
 BUILDING INFERENCES SKILLS
4. If you find that you cannot easily answer a
question about what you have read,
remember to use interference skills. Return to
the part of the reading where you expect the
answer. Then see if the writer suggests
something that you yourself have to supply in
Inferences are conclusions drawn from evidences and
reasoning. Inferences have indicators for conclusion and
reason as shown in some of them that appear in the following
table. Reason Indicator
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 DETERMINING TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
You read to assess both the credibility
and the validity of the text. This means
that our need to think critically while
reading critically.
 DETERMINING TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
(a) recognize common propaganda
(b) detect bias in the author’s choice of
devices
words
 RECOGNIZING COMMON
PROPAGANDA DEVICES
A propaganda technique is a kind of persuasive
technique that creates an emotional appeal to
accept a specific belief or opinion, to adopt a
particular behavior, or to perform a certain action,
which may perhaps be political, commercial,
religious, or civil in nature.
 RECOGNIZING COMMON
PROPAGANDA DEVICES
(Edmonds, 2016)
(a) name-calling
(b) glittering generalities
(c) transfer (f) bandwagon; and
(d) testimonial (g) card stacking
(e) plain folks
 RECOGNIZING COMMON PROPAGANDA
DEVICES
(a) Name-calling
This is synonymous with mudslinging or
character assassination. The technique
consists of attaching negative labels or bad
words to identify opponents or "targeted"
persons and things.
RECOGNIZING COMMON PROPAGANDA DEVICES
 RECOGNIZING COMMON PROPAGANDA
DEVICES
(b) Glittering generalities
This technique is the opposite of name
calling. Although the words used by the
propagandists are often vague and common,
such as "good," "fair," "honest ‘“nice," and
"best," the implication of these words is
favorable to the "target."
RECOGNIZING COMMON PROPAGANDA DEVICES
 RECOGNIZING COMMON PROPAGANDA
DEVICES
(c) Transfer
The technique makes use of a kind of reasoning
that influences the “targeted” audience to transfer
their positive feelings about something to a
product or idea being promoted even if that
particular something has nothing to do with the
product or idea.
RECOGNIZING COMMON PROPAGANDA
DEVICES
 RECOGNIZING COMMON PROPAGANDA
DEVICES
(d) Testimonial
In this technique, propagandists rely on a famous
person's endorsement to give a product or cause a
stamp of approval, hoping that the intended
audience will follow the admired personality's
example.
https://tinyurl.com/y6ysa3su
 RECOGNIZING COMMON PROPAGANDA
DEVICES
(e) Plain folks
This method is used by propagandists to convince
the audience that the speaker (or the person
soliciting the public's support) is from humble
origins whom they can trust and who has their
interests at heart.
RECOGNIZING COMMON PROPAGANDA
DEVICES
 RECOGNIZING COMMON PROPAGANDA
DEVICES
(f) Bandwagon
This method makes you (or any reader or viewer)
think that since everyone else is doing something,
you are expected to do it, too. It creates the
impression that you will be left out unless you
"jump on the bandwagon" (or follow someone
else's example).
RECOGNIZING COMMON PROPAGANDA
DEVICES
 RECOGNIZING COMMON PROPAGANDA
DEVICES
(g) Card Stacking
A propagandist resorts to this technique to make the
best case possible for his argument and the worst case
for the counterargument (or opposing viewpoint). This
is done by using facts (or collecting cards) that support
his argument, leaving out those that weaken it, and
leading the audience into accepting the presented facts
as a conclusion.
RECOGNIZING COMMON PROPAGANDA DEVICES
Wikipedia,
tiktok,
conspiracy
videos from
YouTube

Published
researches,
credible sources,
verified
references
 DETECTING BIAS IN THE AUTHOR’S
CHOICE OF WORDS
Bias is another technique that can affect your ability to
analyze a reading material. Bias refers to a subjective or
personal point of view toward someone or something.
Others call it favoritism, prejudice, partisanship,
discrimination, inclination, or partiality. A person's bias
is directly revealed when he says or writes "I support
that" or "I oppose that."
DETECTING BIAS IN THE AUTHOR’S
CHOICE OF WORDS
(Monahan, 2000)

(a) connotative (c) omitted

words information

(b) use of stereotypes (d) writer's background

 DETECTING BIAS IN THE AUTHOR’S
CHOICE OF WORDS

(a) connotative words

A connotation is a meaning of a word beyond
simple dictionary definitions. Connotative words
have an extra “emotional charge,” which may be
positive, negative, or neutral.
DETECTING BIAS IN THE AUTHOR’S
CHOICE OF WORDS
(a) connotative words
 DETECTING BIAS IN THE AUTHOR’S
CHOICE OF WORDS

(a) connotative words

Compare the implications of these sentences:
a. Capital punishment is an extreme punishment.
b. Capital punishment is murder.
c. Capital punishment is the law in some countries.
 DETECTING BIAS IN THE AUTHOR’S
CHOICE OF WORDS
(b) use of stereotypes
A stereotype is a set idea that people have about
what someone or something is like. It is an often
unfair and untrue belief that many people have
about all people or things with a particular
characteristic (Merriam-Webster's Dictionary).
 DETECTING BIAS IN THE AUTHOR’S
CHOICE OF WORDS
(b) use of stereotypes
For instance, if a father holds the stereotype that all
Muslims are stingy (or give or share as little as
possible), he may say to his daughter, "I don't want you
to entertain that Muslim guy. Muslim are all stingy" or
if the stereotype is that Muslims are hardworking, he
may perhaps say, "Be nice to that Muslim suitor of
yours. Muslims are hardworking.”
 DETECTING BIAS IN THE AUTHOR’S
CHOICE OF WORDS
(c) omitted
information
Deliberately omitting important information is a
form of bias. Any information that does not
support the writer's purpose, belief, or cause is
intentionally left out or deleted.
 DETECTING BIAS IN THE AUTHOR’S
CHOICE OF WORDS
(c) Omitted Information
We pay for the things we want not with money, but with
time; that is, the time it takes to earn the money to
afford whatever it is we want. For example, buying a
home can cost thirty years. Those years may represent
all of your working life. Before we buy, we need to
consider the investment of time.
 DETECTING BIAS IN THE AUTHOR’S
CHOICE OF WORDS

(d) The Writer's

Background
It is always helpful to know the writer's
background to determine bias. Is the information
being provided slanted in his favor? Is it intended
to benefit him, his organization, or his cause?
 DETECTING BIAS IN THE AUTHOR’S
CHOICE OF WORDS
We pay for the things we want not with money,
but with time; that is, the time it takes to earn the
money to afford whatever it is we want. For
example, buying a home can cost thirty years.
Those years may represent all of your working
life. Before we buy, we need to consider the
investment of time.
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