Outline…….

1. What is cpu?
2. Who are company that make cpu
3. What are the main components of a CPU
4. Describe the function of the CPU as fetching and executing
instructions stored in memory
5. Fan effects over cpu?
6. How ram work with cpu
 CPU(pronounced sea-pea-you)
Alternately referred to as
A Processor
central processor
Microprocessor:
is the Central Processing Unit of the
computer
The CPU  
 Has a Chip size ¼ x ¼ inch
 has one notched corner to help place the chip
properly into the CPU socket.
 The CPU is typically enclosed by a metallic heat
spreader which allows for better heat dissipation.
 The first image shows the top of a CPU with its
heat spreader
 the second image shows the bottom where you
can see the golden CPU pins:
 Some Processors (CPUs)

Pentium Chip

PowerPC Chip

000-209 Intro to CS. 5/Mother 5

 HOW THESE COMPUTER WORKS?
CPU must be connected to input device, output device and storage device to carry
out the activities

Input Data Procesor Information

Output

Monitor,
Data Information
Printer

Storage
(Pimary/Secondary Memory)

INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE

 Interaction between functional blocks
 Data is supplied to the computer through an input device.
 The data is then transferred to memory under the supervision of the control unit.
 Each instruction is interpreted before execution. Control unit informs the ALU of the precise operation to be perform
and Directs the transfer of operands(mathematical operations) to the ALU
 The ALU then performs all calculations and comparisons needed And the results are then passed unto the memory
unit, from there to the output unit
data To user
INPUT UNIT MEMORY UNIT OUTPUT UNIT
(Result)

instruction read write

operand result

CONTROL UNIT ALU

Control
signals

data
flow
------Control flow
http://improvec.blogspot.in/
 DEFINITION - WHAT DOES CENTRAL
PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) MEAN?

• The central processing unit (CPU) is the unit which performs

most of the processing inside a computer.

Important Note
CPU is not the only processor in a computer. Hard drive andother
devices within a computer also perform some processing independently.

.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 The term processor is

used interchangeably with the term

central processing unit (CPU),

although strictly speaking, the CPU is

not the only processor in a

computer.

 The GPU(graphics processing unit) is

the most notable example.

Nevertheless, the term processor is

generally understood to mean the 9

 Now-a-days microprocessors are found in almost all electronic machines and
appliances in its different form.

 Some common devices using microprocessors are computer printers,

automobiles, washing machines, microwave ovens, mobile phones, fax
machines, Xerox machines and advanced instruments like radar, satellites, flights
etc.,
A modern processing device may contain two or even four CPUs.
 A Chip
 CPU is an integrated circuit or
“chip/(microchip) ” which processes
instructions and data.
 It is a complex integrated circuit (IC) made of silicon
crystal packed with microscopic circuit elements e.g.
 wires,
 transistors,
 capacitors,
 resistors

the transistors are electronic switches that can allow current to pass through

12
 COMPUTER
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the chip on the motherboard that acts as the
"computer's brain"

The Cent ral Processing Unit is

the brain of the computer.
It control and process allthe
in fo rm at ion in the
 The CPU

 The purpose of the CPU is to carry out program instructions (each

CPU type is designed to understand a specific group of instructions,
the instruction set).

To control instructions and data flow to and from other parts of the computer,
the CPU relies heavily on a chipset, which is a group of microchips located
on the motherboard
Question 1 : Could a computer work without a CPU?

Question 2: Could a GPU be used in place of a CPU?

15
WHO ARE COMPANY THAT MAKE CPU

• Two companies are going to create a CPU . They’re

intel and AMD , but first we should know
something here, its not stipulation that two
processors are having the same size and speed,
for example both both processors have the 2.4gz
from two different companies
Processors
• The leading
manufacturers
of personal
computer
processor chips
are Intel and
AMD

Major manufacturers:
Intel, AMD, and Cyrix

Page 283 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Types of CPUs

In the past, computer processors used

numbers to identify the processor and
help identify faster processors. For
example, the Intel 80486 (486)
processor is faster than the 80386 (386)
processor.

After the introduction of the Intel

Pentium processor (which would
technically be the 80586), all computer
processors started using names like
Athlon, Duron, Pentium, and Celeron.

A processor's speed is measured in

megahertz (MHz), or millions of
instructions per second; and gigahertz
(GHZ), or billions of instructions per
second. A faster processor can execute
instructions more quickly. However, the
actual speed of the computer depends
on the speed of many different
components—not just the processor.
What are Intel CPU Families for Desktop
Computers?
There are 3 Intel CPU families for desktop
computers:

1.Core Processor(i3,i5,i7,i9)
http://www .intel.com/products/desktop/processors/index .htm
2.Pentium Processor
http://www.inteI.com/produ cts/desktop/processors/penti
urn.htm
3.Celeron
http://www.inteI.com/produ cts/desktop/processors/celeron.
htm 13
Pentium D
Pentium I-IV
Pentium M
Celeron
Core i7
Core 2 Duo
What are AMD CPU Families
for Desktop Computers?
There are 3 AMD CPU Families for Desktop
Computers:
1.Athlon 64 FX
http://www.amd .com/us-en/Processors/Productlnformation/O,30_ 11

2. Athlon 64 x 2 Dual- Core

http://www .amd.com/us-en/Processors/Productlnformation/O,30_ 11

3. Athlon 64
http://www .amd.com/us-en/Processors/Productl
nformation/0 30_
11

14
 AMD
Athelon 64 X2
Athelon 64
Turion
64
Sempron
WHAT ARE THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF A CPU
 WHAT ARE THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF A CPU

• The CPU is made up of many components such as

1. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) carries out arithmetic and logic operations.
2. The floating point unit (FPU) known as numeric coprocessor, a specialized coprocessor that
manipulates numbers more quickly
3. Registers/Memory Unit (MU) supply data to the ALU and store the results of operations.
4. Cache memory in the CPU saves time to fetch instruction from (RAM).
5. Internal Buses used to connect the components
6. Logic Gates/Control Unit (CU) used to control the flow of information
• An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit is one of the core
components of all central processing units.
 PREFETCH UNIT: Requests instructions and data from cache or RAM
3. CONTROL UNIT: Is in charge of the entire
based on what is happening at the moment and make sure they are
process, making sure everything happens at
in the proper order for processing it. It attempts to fetch
the right time. Based on instructions from the
decode unit, it instructs the ALU,FPU, and instructions and data ahead of time, so that the other components
registers what to do. don’t have to wait for the next instruction or piece of data
4. ALU&FPU: Performs
the arithmetic and logical
operations, as directed by
the control unit.

DECODE UNIT: Takes instructions

5. REGISTERS: Used to from the prefetch unit and

translates them into that form
hold the results of that the control unit can
processing understand

1. BUS INTERFACE
UNIT: The place where
data and instructions
enter or leave the CPU
on their way from or to
external cache and RAM
2. INTERNAL CACHE: Used to
store data and instructions
before and after processing

CPU is housed on a single chip called microprocessor.

 Control Unit

Control Unit’s main function in CPU.

1. The Control Unit extracts instructions from memory and decodes
and executes them.
2. Manages all resources of a computer
3. Manages a 4-step basic operation which is called a machine cycle
or processing cycle.

CS1BA3-L5 14
 The Control Unit
The CU sends signals to other parts of the computer. It manages fetch, decode
and execute program instructions

It synchronises the whole system by telling devices what to do and when to

do it
 Arithmetic Logic
•
Unit
The ALU is that part in the CPU where arithmetic and logic
erations
op are carried out in other words all mathematical
ations.
calcul The result of the calculations are sent to the main memory
• The ALU is capable of performing:
1. Arithmetic operations :(+, -, ×,÷,) Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division
2. Comparison operation : Greater Than (>), Smaller Than (<)’ Equal (=),Greater Than or Equa
To (>=), Smaller Than or Equal To (<=), Not Equal (<>) compare two numbers to see which is
greater,
3. logical comparisons like AND, OR,NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR : check whether a true/false
statement is true, etc.
AND, OR,
• Within the ALU we will find the register known as the Accumulator.
The accumulator stores the result of the current calculation.
2
9
MU/Register(Memory Unit)- is the part of the computer that holds
data and instructions for processing.
 The Registers
The Registers are very fast storage locations inside the processor itself. There are many registers
including :

• memory address register (MAR) – holds the address of a

location in memory
• memory data register (MDR) – holds data just read from or
written to memory
• program counter (PC) – holds the address of the next
instruction to be fetched
• Instruction register (IR) – holds the current instruction being
executed
• general purpose registers – can be used by programmers
 Buse
• All data traffic with the s
CPU takes place across the
bu
computer’s
s
• A computer bus is a set of parallel electrical tracks
components
connecting within a computer

□ Courtesy to The CPU, slideshare. 32

 Describe the function of the CPU as fetching and executing instructions
stored in memory

FOUR FUNCTIONS OF CPU /Machine

Cycle Back
 Fetch-Execute-Cycle
1.Fetch (Where to Go?) The CPU chip retrieves data from the RAM.

 The next instruction is retrieved from primary storage.

2. Decode (What to do?) Each instruction is interpreted before execution
 The control unit decodes the instruction :Translate instruction into
commands (to binary form)Eg : 1110000 and sent to the ALU.
3.Execute (Carry out Instruction)
 The ALU performs the instruction.

4.Store (Copy Results)

 The control unit places the result of the execution in a register.
For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle

Machine Cycle
FETCHING

STORING DECODING

EXECUTING
11
 Processors
• For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle

Pages 281 - 282 37

Figure 6-5 © 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
 • Machine Cycle
– I-Cycle
– E-Cycle
I-Cycle

E-Cycle
machine cycle Execution of an Instruction
 Instruction phase/I-time
Step 1: Fetch instruction
Step 2: Decode instruction
• CU fetches an instruction from memory and puts it into a register
• CU decodes the instruction and determines the memory location of the
data required
 Execution phase/E-time
Step 3: Execute the instruction
Step 4: Store the results
• Execution
– CU moves the data from memory to registers in the ALU
– ALU is given control and executes the instruction
– Control returns to the CU

• CU stores the result of the operation in memory or in a register

FAN EFFECTS OVER CPU?
• CPU fan is the fan installed on CPU,
which is used to cool
the CPU preventing it from heating or
causing CPU damage.
 The CPU and RAM

The RAM The CPU

contains data processes data.
and programs.

The data bus transports the

processed data to the RAM so
it can be stored, displayed, or
output.

000-209 Intro to CS. 5/Mother 41

 Quiz
1. The control unit, together with the ALU
and memory unit, form
a. control unit
b. memory
c. CPU (central processing unit)
d. ALU

http://improvec.blogspot.in/ 44
 Quiz (Contd...)

2. The program’s instructions and data are

transferred under the control of
a. CPU
b. Control Unit
b. ALU
d. Memory Unit

http://improvec.blogspot.in/ 45
 Quiz (Contd...)

3. ALU handles
a. arithmetic operations
b. logical operations
c. arithmetic operations and logical operations
d. None of the above

http://improvec.blogspot.in/ 46
 Q1. The first microprocessor invented by Intel Corporation ?

Q2. Performs simple arithmetic and logical operations?

• Q3. The four major function the CPU?