TLE-

ICT-
CSS-
TLE – TECHNOLOGY & LIVELIHOOD
EDUCATION
ICT – INFORMATION &
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
TLE – TECHNOLOGY & LIVELIHOOD
EDUCATION
ICT – INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY
CSS- COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING
• Hardware:
• Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements
that constitutes a computer system. Computer hardware
refers to the physical parts or components of a computer
such as the monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data
storage, hard drive disk (HDD), system unit (graphic
cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips),
etc. all of which are physical objects that can be touched.
• Software:
• Software is a generic term for organized
collections of computer data and instructions, often
broken into two major categories: system software
that provides the basic non-task-specific functions
of the computer, and application software which is
used by users to accomplish specific tasks.
Input Devices
Input device is any peripheral (piece of
computer hardware equipment to provide data
and control signals to an information processing
system such as a computer or other information
appliance. Input device Translate data from
form that humans understand to one that the
computer can work with. Most common are
keyboard and mouse.
Output devices
An output device is any piece of computer
hardware equipment used to communicate
the results of data processing carried out by
an information processing system (such as a
computer) which converts the electronically
generated information into human-readable
form.
WHAT’S INSIDE THE SYSTEM UNIT?
WHAT’S INSIDE THE SYSTEM UNIT?
Motherboard
A motherboard is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in computers and
other expandable systems. It holds many of the crucial electronic components
of the system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and
provides connectors for other peripherals.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
A CPU is brain of a computer. It is responsible for all functions and
processes. Regarding computing power, the CPU is the most
important element of a computer system.
•Intel Core i7
•Intel Core i5
•Intel Core i3
•Intel Pentium
•Intel Celeron

•AMD Athlon
•AMD Ryzen 3
•AMD Ryzen 5
•AMD Ryzen 7
•AMD Ryzen 9
CPU Fan & Heat sink
A heat sink and fan (HSF) is an active cooling solution used
to cool down integrated circuits in computer systems,
commonly the central processing unit (CPU). As the name
suggests, it is composed of a passive cooling unit (the heat
sink) and a fan.
Primary Memory:-
1. RAM: Random Access Memory (RAM) usually refers to
computer chips that temporarily store dynamic data to
enhance computer performance while you are working.
In other words, it is the working place of your computer,
where active programs and data are loaded so that any time
the processor requires them, it doesn't have to fetch them
from the hard disk.
Primary Memory:-
1. RAM: Random Access Memory (RAM)
Primary Memory:-

2. ROM (Read Only Memory): ROM is a permanent

form of storage. ROM stays active regardless of
whether power supply to it is turned on or off. ROM
devices do not allow data stored on them to be
modified.
Primary Memory:-

2. ROM (Read Only Memory):

Secondary Memory:-
Stores data and programs permanently :its retained after the
power is turned off

1. Hard drive (HD): A hard disk is part of a unit, often called a "disk
drive," "hard drive," or "hard disk drive," that store and provides
relatively quick access to large amounts of data on an
electromagnetically charged surface or set of surfaces.
1. Hard drive (HD):
2. Solid State Drive
An SSD, or solid-state drive, is a type of storage device
used in computers. This non-volatile storage media stores
persistent data on solid-state flash memory. SSDs replace
traditional hard disk drives (HDDs) in computers and
perform the same basic functions as a hard drive. But SSDs
are significantly faster in comparison. With an SSD, the
device's operating system will boot up more rapidly,
programs will load quicker and files can be saved faster.
1. Solid State Drive (SSD):
Secondary Memory:-
Stores data and programs permanently :its retained after the
power is turned off

2. Optical Disk: an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses
laser light as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from
optical discs. Some drives can only read from discs, but recent drives
are commonly both readers and recorders, also called burners or
writers. Compact discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are common types of
optical media which can be read and recorded by such drives.
Secondary Memory:-
CD-ROM/DVD-ROM drivesThis is a high capacity optical data storage
device with a removable disk. It writes data onto or reads data from a storage
medium.
Secondary Memory:-
3. Floppy Disk Drive:
This is a disk drive that can read and write floppy disks, although they
are obsolete nowadays.
These drives have been replaced by the USB flash disk drives in
modern machines.
Video Card
A video card is a PC component that is used to enhance the quality of
images showed on a display. It is attached to the motherboard and
controls and calculates an image's appearance on the screen. The
video card is an intermediate device that accelerates the video
throughput.
Other cards

LAN card
Audio card
 Other cards

Bluetooth/wireless TV tuner card

Card
Power Supply
A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to
an electrical load. The main purpose of a power supply is to convert 
electric current from a source to the correct voltage, current, and 
frequency to power the load.
BIOS-ROM BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System. BIOS is a
"read-only" memory, which consists of low-level software that controls
the system hardware and acts as an interface between the operating
system and the hardware.
On PCs, the BIOS contains all the code required to control the keyboard,
display screen, disk drives, serial communications, and a number of
miscellaneous functions.
The system BIOS is a ROM chip on the motherboard used during the
startup routine (boot process) to check out the system and prepare to run
the hardware.
The BIOS is stored on a ROM chip because ROM retains information even
when no power is being supplied to the computer.
BIOS-ROM
 Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Random
Access Memory (CMOS)
Motherboards also include a small separate block of memory made from CMOS RAM chips
which are kept alive by a battery (known as a CMOS battery) even when the PC’s power is
off. This prevents reconfiguration when the PC is powered on.
CMOS devices require very little power to operate.
The CMOS RAM is used to store basic information about the PC’s configuration for
instance:-
•Floppy disk and hard disk drive types
•Information about CPU
•RAM size
•Date and time
•Serial and parallel port information
•Plug and Play information
•Power Saving settings
Expansion Bus
An expansion bus is an input/output pathway from the CPU to
peripheral devices and it is typically made up of a series of slots on
the motherboard.
Expansion buses enhance the PCs capabilities by allowing users to
add missing features in their computers by slotting adapter cards
into expansion slots.
Computer/System Fan
Basically, computers come with two fans in the system unit or chassis,
sometimes three. One CPU fan, one case fan and sometimes, one hard drive
fan.
During operations by the computer the CPU produces a lot of heat and heat
could always cause damage to your computer, that is why the CPU fan is put
in place to keep the CPU under the required temperature. The case fan is to
keep the system unit cooled.
 I/O Ports and Devices
A connection point that acts as interface between the computer and external devices
like mouse, printer, modem, etc. is called port. Ports are of two types −
•Internal port − It connects the motherboard to internal devices like hard disk drive,
CD drive, internal modem, etc.
•External port − It connects the motherboard to external devices like modem, mouse,
printer, flash drives, etc.