MOBILE COMPUTING

Group presentation
 HOW MOBILE PHONE WORKS?

• A mobile phone is a wireless handheld device that

allows users to make and receive calls. While the
earliest generation of mobile phones could only make
and receive calls, today's mobile phones do a lot more,
accommodating web browsers, games, cameras, video
players and navigational systems.
 HOW MOBILE PHONE WORKS?
• To communicate with a mobile phone, it is necessary to be
within range of the base station of one’s operator and receive a
radio signal of sufficient quality: this is indicated by the bars on
the display screen of the phone. Today, they are often
accompanied by a sign (“4G”, “3G” or “E” for “Edge”, for
example) specifying the type of technology available in the
area.
• a mobile phone, it is ne
 HOW MOBILE PHONE WORKS?
• A cell phone does not use wires to transfer your voice. When
you speak into a cell phone a microphone turns your voice into
electrical signals. A microchip in the phone modulates (or
varies) a radio wave using the electrical signal. The radio wave
travels through the air to a nearby cell tower; the tower sends
your voice to the person you are calling and the process is
reversed so that the person on the other end can hear your
voice.
 HOW MOBILE PHONE WORKS?
• When making a call on a mobile, the first thing the phone does is search
for the nearest signal form the base station antenna of its operator and
establish a radio link with it. To receive a call, the principle is the same,
except that it is the base station antenna that needs to establish the
connection. And in this case, to route the call, the operator needs to know
the network cell of the recipient. This is why, when they are switched on
and even sometimes when not being used for calls, mobiles ‘report’ to the
network – or update their applications (for smartphones) – at regular
intervals.
 CALLING ON THE MOVE: “HANDOVER”

• The major advantage of this type of communication is that of being able

to make calls on the move. This is no problem when you move a few
meters inside the cell to which one is currently connected. But if one
moves away from the antenna, the signal weakens and communication
may be interrupted. To avoid this, the mobile continuously measures the
quality of nearby signals. And during a call, below a certain threshold, it
is able to automatically switch the connection to another closer or less-
congested antenna of the operator. This jump from cell to cell is called
“handover”
CELL CLUSTERING AND
FREQUENCY REUSING
 CELL CLUSTERING

• A cluster is a group of cells in which all available

frequencies have been used once and only once. Since
the same frequencies can be used in neighboring
clusters, interference may become a problem. Therefore,
the frequency re-use distance must be kept as large as
possible.
 FREQUENCY REUSING

• Frequency reusing is the concept of using the same radio frequencies

within a given area, that are separated by considerable distance, with
minimal interference, to establish communication. For example, when
N cells are using the same number of frequencies and K be the total
number of frequencies used.
 ADJACENT CHANNEL
INTERFERENCE(ACI)
• Adjacent Channel Interference: Interference resulting
from signals which are close in frequency to the desired
signal is called adjacent channel interference. Adjacent
channel interference results from imperfect receiver
filters which allow nearby frequencies to leak in to pass
band.
 TECHNIQUES TO REDUCE ACI

• using modulation schemes which have low out-of-band radiation;

• carefully designing the bandpass filter at the receiver front end; and
• assigning adjacent channels to different cells in order to keep the
frequency separation between each channel in a given cell as large as
possible.
 MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK (MANET)

•A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes that act as both

routers and hosts in an ad hoc wireless network and that dynamically self-organize in a
wireless network without using any pre-established infrastructure. Nodes typically
transmit in broadcast messages that reach only nearby nodes. Since routers may move
randomly, the topology may change rapidly and in unpredictable ways. Energy
efficiency is also an important criterion for MANET routing protocols. Like P2P
overlays, MANETs are self-configuring. Uses of MANETs include sensor networks
and vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs).
 MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK (MANET)

• Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks are multi hop networks where nodes

can be stationary or mobile; and they are formed on a dynamic
basis. They allow people to perform tasks efficiently by
offering unprecedented levels of access to information. In
mobile ad-hoc networks, topology is highly dynamic and
random; and in addition, the distribution of nodes and their
capability of self-organizing play an important role.
 THINK BETTER
DO BETTER
BE BETTER
THANK YOU