Computer Network

04-05

HEDSPI Project
Hanoi University of Technology
by
Ngo Hong Son

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About this course
 I am the primary lecturer
 Ngo Hong Son, FIT- HUT
 But this course is built with helps of many experts
 Lecturers from FIT, HUT
 Dr. Nguyen Linh Giang

 Dr. Pham Huy Hoang

 JICA Experts
 Dr. Yasuo Tsuchimoto, Assistant Professor, Keio
University
 Dr. Mitsuhiro Sakurama, Hitachi Ltd.,

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Today outline
 Course introduction
 Basic concept of computer networks

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Course introduction
Objectives
Topics and schedule
Assessment
Official hours

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Course objective
 Understand the Internet technology
 Some networking mechanisms
 Some protocols of TCP/IP
 Explain how the Internet works
 Be able to use the Internet efficiently, install
new technologies and services

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Tentative schedule
1. Jan 24 Introduction
2. Feb 14 Basic Concepts of Computer Network
3. Feb 21 Internet Layer
4. Feb 28 Routing
5. Mar  6 Routing Protocols
6. Mar 13 Transport Layer
7. Mar 20 Application Layer

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Tentative schedule
8. Mar 27 Data-link Layer
9. Apr  3 Physical Layer
10. Apr 10 Security
11. Apr 17 Next Generation Internet
12. Apr 24 Multimedia Communications
13. May  8 Enterprise Internet,
Internet Governance and
Advanced Applications

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Assessment
 Assignment 40%
 Two assignments
 Final exam 60%

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Some advices
 For well studying
 Read given materials in advance
 Participate actively in the lecture
 Discuss, answer and ask question
 Surf web or discuss among friend to find solution
 Where to find me
 8:30 – 10:00 am every Monday.
 Department of Communication and Computer Networks,
Room 329 Building C1.
 Phone: 8680896
 Mail: sonnh@it-hut.edu.vn

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Reference books
 TCP/IP Illustrated Vol I-The Protocols, Richard
Steves, Addison-Wesley
 Internetworking with TCP/IP, Vol 1, Douglas
Comer, Prentice Hall Computer
 Networking: a top-down approach featuring the
Internet, James F. Kurose, Keith W. Ross, Addison
Wesley
 Mạng máy tính và các hệ thống mở, Nguyễn Thúc
Hải, NXB Giáo Dục

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 Basic concept of
computer networks
Internet history
Definition of computer network
Network architecture
Circuit switching & Packet switching

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 Origin of Internet
 Started as an experiment of
ARPA project
 Begun with one link between
the IMP at UCLA and the IMP
at SRI.

ARPA: Advanced Research Project Agency

UCLA: University California Los Angeles
SRI: Stanford Research Institute
IMP: Interface Message Processor

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Source: http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/historical.html
 3 months later, Dec. 1969

SRI UTAH

UCSB
UCLA

The entire 4 node network was

connected by 56kbps links

UCSB:University of California, Santa Barbara

UTAH:University of Utah
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source: http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/historical.html
 Early ARPANET in 1971

Source:
http://www.cybergeography.org/
atlas/historical.html The network grew with a speed of 1 node per month
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Internet’s 1970s: Internetworking, New
architecture and Proprietary networks

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 Enlargement of ARPANET in 1974

source:
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http://www.cybergeography.org/
atlas/historical.html
The traffic quantity of one day exceeds 3.000.000 packet
In 1977: Develop as an aggregate of science
and government agency networks

Source: 17
http://www.cybergeography.org/
atlas/historical.html
1970s
 Early 1970s, proprietary networks:
 ALOHAnet satellite network at Hawaii
 DECnet, IBM’s SNA, XNA
 1974: Cerf & Kahn – Principles of open
network system for internetworking
(Turing Awards)
 1976: Ethernet of Xerox PARC
 End of 1970s: ATM

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1980s: New protocols and
more connected networks

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1981: Construction of NSFNET

NSF: National Science Foundation

For research or education only, due to congestion of ARPANET

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 1986: Connect USENET& NSFNET

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Source: http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/historical.html
More networks and protocols
 More networks connected: MFENET,
HEPNET (Dept. Energy), SPAN (NASA),
BITnet, CSnet, NSFnet, Minitel …
 TCP/IP standardized in 1980
 DNS by P. Mockapetris (USC)
 Berkeley incorporated TCP/IP into BSD Unix
 Services: FTP, Mail…

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 1990s: Web and
commercialization of Internet

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1990s
 Early 1990’s: ARPAnet Late1990’s – 2000’s:
decommissions and  New applications:
become a part of instant messaging, P2P
Internet file sharing
 Early 1990s: Web  E-commerce, Yahoo,
 HTML, HTTP: Amazon, Google…
Berners-Lee  Security is a hot topic!
 1994: Mosaic,  Internet for everyone
Netscape  Every new protocol must
 Late1990’s: Web consider this issue
commercialization  ~ 50 million hosts, >
100 million users 24
Vietnam at that time

 1991: In an effort, negotiations for connecting

Vietnam to Internet failed. (what a pity!)
 1996: Again, prepare for Internet infrastructure
 ISP: Only VNPT
 64kbps, 1 international out-link, hundreds special users
 1997: Officially open and connect Vietnam to
Internet
 1 IXP: VNPT
 4 ISP: VNPT, Netnam (IOT), FPT, SPT
 2007: “Ten years of Vietnam Internet Development”
 20 ISPs, 4 IXPs
 19 million of Internet users, 22.04% of population 25
 Vietnam Internet Evolution

Users Estimated on the Basis of Two Users Per Subscriber

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Source: Vietnam Internet Case Study, http://www.itu.int/asean2001/reports/material/VNM%20CS.pdf
Recent statistics

Number of Internet users by year

25.0 30
users (millions)
20.0 25
% population
Users (million)

22.04
20
15.0 17.94

%
15
13.36
10.0 18.6
14.9
10
7.69 11.1
5.0 5
3.8
6.3
0.0 0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Source: Vnnic, http://www.thongkeinternet.vn 27

 International connectivity
bandwidth (Mbps), Q.3 2007

FPT, 2635

EVN, 400

SPT, 200

HanoiTelecom,
4
Vietel, 2056
VNPT, 6820

Total: 12115.0 Mbps

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2000s: The future is yours
 New applications and technologies
 Youtube, Skype, Bittorrent, Video and VoIP...
 Wireless, sensor and optical networks
 ….
 Internet will continue to improve existing
services
 Make it easier
 You can do that

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 So, what is a
computer network?

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Definition
 A collection of computers
connected together with the sub-
network or inter-network through
which they can exchange data.
 Computer: hosts, routers,
switches, telephones...
 Connected through some physical
medias
 Follow a network architecture
 Computer?

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Example of networks
 Freeway System in US
 Train networks
 Power, gas networks
 Computer networks
 The Internet
 Ethernet
 Wireless LANs: 802:11
 …
 Banking system (ATM networks)
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 Centralized or distributed

PSTN Internet

 Centralized: Network  Computer has stronger power

does everything  Most functions are
implemented at host
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Network architecture
 Network architecture: Topology and Protocol
 Network topology
 Bus, Ring, Star…
 Combination of many basic topologies

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What is a protocol?

Hi request

Hi response

What request
time?
2:00 response

time

Human-human Computer - computer

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Network protocol
 Protocol: Rule of communication
 Send a message with request or information
 Receive message with information, action or event
 Defines format, order of messages sent and
received among network entities, and actions taken
on message transmission, receipt
 Examples: TCP, UDP, IP, FTP, Telnet, SSH,
Ethernet, …

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Communication model
Circuit switching vs. packet switching
Connection oriented vs. connectionless

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Circuit switching and packet
switching

 Circuit switching
 Exchange data using dedicate circuit.
 Each connection takes one circuit. It cannot be used by
others until it is released and a new connection is set up
 Packet switching
 Data is divided into small blocks of data (packets), and
transferred though network
 Many connections may share one circuit
 Internet (with IP – Internet Protocol) is packet switching.

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Circuit switching
Resource is assigned to each circuit.
Even there are unused resources, others can not use

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Packet switching

The whole bandwidth is shared for everyone

If there is unused bandwidth, anyone can use

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Circuit switching vs. Packet
switching
 Circuit switching
 Each circuit is used by only one assigned user
 Bandwidth guarantees (needed for audio/video apps)
 It is wasteful if the assigned user does not use full circuit
capacity.
 Packet switching
 Improve the efficiency of utilization of bandwidth
 Great for bursty data because of resource sharing
 Excessive congestion: packet delay and loss

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Connection oriented vs.
connectionless communication
 Connection oriented communication:
 Data is transferred through a set-up connection
 Three phases: Connection setup, Data transfer,
Connection tear down
 Reliable but slow
 Connectionless communication
 There is no “connection” during the data transferring.
 Less reliable but fast
 Best effort approach: no guarantee

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Summary
 Course introduction
 Internet history
 Definition of computer networks
 Network architecture
 Topology
 Protocol
 Circuit switching vs. packet switching
 Pros & cons
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Next week
 Layering architecture
 OSI reference model
 Internet identifiers
 Name resolution and DNS
 Demo for equipments configuration

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