Human waste management

(HWM)

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 Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, students will be able to:
• Identify types wastes
• List sources of wastes
• Discuss the process of collection of wastes
• Describe the waste disposal process
• Explain public health importance of wastes

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 Definition

• Waste is "useless or worthless material; stuff to be

thrown away." (World Book Dictionary)

• Waste is "a resource that is not safely recycled back

into the environment or the marketplace." (Zero

Waste America )
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What is Solid Waste

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 Definition
• Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from human
and animal activities that are normally solid and are
discarded as useless or unwanted.

• Integrated solid waste management is the term

applied to all of the activities associated with the
management of the community’s waste.

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 Definition…
• The basic goal of integrated solid waste management
is
- to manage community waste in a manner that
meets public health and environmental concerns
and

- the public’s desire to reuse and recycle waste

material.

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 Sources of solid waste
• Residential: generated from living households

• Agricultural: solid wastes due to agricultural

activities: food residues, crop residues, etc.

• Commercial: wastes generated from business

establishments, food establishments, shops;

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 Sources of solid waste
• Industrial wastes: from various types of industrial
processes.

• Institutional solid waste: generating from public and

government institutions: offices, religious institutes,
schools, universities, etc.; generally not hazardous.

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 Sources of solid waste
• Hospital solid wastes: discarded, unwanted solid
wastes from hospitals.

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Public health importance of solid wastes

• Vector breeding: rats, flies, mosquitoes;

• Water pollution
• Air pollution due to open incineration;
• Scavenging: cats, dogs, man;
• Aesthetics: odour, not attractive;
• Solid waste management workers health risks;

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Public health importance of solid wastes

• It can be best media for the growth of MOs

• Attraction of arthropods such as common housefly,
mosquito
• Attraction of rodents and other animals e.g. rats mice dogs
cats
• Can contaminate food supply and cause food borne disease
• Hospital and pathological wastes are potential disease
carrying waste products

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 Health care or medical solid waste
WHO classification by type and source of medical
waste:

• General non-hazardous waste: Wastes mainly from

kitchen;

• Sharps (whether infected or not): mainly used

sharps;

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 Health care or medical solid waste
• Infected wastes not containing sharps: dressing,
discarded linens, syringes,

• chemical and pharmaceutical wastes (other than

cytotoxic drugs)

• Other hazardous medical wastes (cytotoxic drugs)

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 Sources
• Medical wastes: These wastes are usually produced
in patient rooms, treatment rooms and nursing
stations,

• items include soiled dressings, bandages, catheters,

swabs, and masks.

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 Sources
• Surgical and autopsy (Pathologic wastes) these
wastes may be produced in surgical OR or autopsy
rooms,

• items that may be included are placenta, tissues and

organs, amputated limbs, and similar material.

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 Sources
• Laboratory wastes: these wastes are produced in
diagnostic or research laboratories,

• items that may be included are cultures, spinal-fluid

samples.

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 Sources
• Infectious solid wastes: proportion of medical waste
that is infectious (dressings, lab & pathological
wastes, contaminated blood discarded equipments,
etc.)

• Domestic/general wastes: offices, kitchen wastes

(non hazardous)

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Causal of increase in solid waste
• Plus:
• Lack of policies and
guidelines and

• Public attitude and

behaviour

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 EFFECTS OF WASTE IF NOT
MANAGED WISELY

• Attract Insects, flies and mosquito

• Affects our health

• Affects our socio-economic conditions

• Affects our coastal and marine environment

• Water and land pollution

• Affects our climate

• Disruption of aesthetic value
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 Social Impact of solid wastes
• Effect on morale
– The effect of living in an unhygienic untidy
environment may lead people to become demoralized
and less motivated to improve conditions around
them.
– Waste attracts more waste and leads to less hygienic
behavior in general.
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 Solid waste management
• Proper handling, collection, transportation and
disposal

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 Solid waste management
• Solid waste management: is a discipline associated with the
control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and
transport, processing and finally disposing of wastes with the
objective of protecting the health of the population, promoting
of environmental quality and sustainability, support of
economic productivity and employment generation.

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Functional elements of solid waste management:

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 Objective of SWM
• To protect and promote the health of the population,
• To promote environmental conditions by controlling pollution
and ensuring sustainability of ecosystems
• To support economic development by providing the required
waste management services and guaranteeing the efficient
use and conservation of valuable materials and resources.
• To generate employment and income

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 Sustainable Waste Management
• Is a comprehensive waste prevention, recycling, and waste
management in a ways that most effectively protect human
health and the environment
• Involves the selection and application of appropriate
techniques, technologies, and management programs to
achieve sustainability
• Maximizes the opportunities for resource recovery at all
stages
• It develops local ownership & responsibilities/participation
through a consultative approach

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Sustainable Waste Management– Hierarchy

Lowering the Amount

Reduce of Waste Produced

Reuse

Recycle Using materials to

make new products

Recover Recovering material

y and energy from waste

Landfill Safe disposal

of waste

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 Disposal of solid waste
Sanitary Landfill
• A structured disposal place (controlled sanitary land
fill): operational segments, refuse damping,
spreading, compacting, and covering with soil:

• Is a pit with a protected bottom where trash is buried

in layer, compacted (press down to make it more
solid), and covered

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 Disposal of solid waste
Controlled open dumping: a modified form of
sanitary landfill:

there is refuse spreading, leveling, and compacting with

dozer and compacting machine, except soil covering is
lacking.

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 Disposal of solid waste
Land farming: (composting) if the solid waste has
larger proportion of biodegradable.

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Health care or medical waste management

On-site storage:
• Needles & sharps be kept in a puncture proof
container immediately after use;

• Sorting and segregation of hazardous and non-

hazardous

• Decontamination of hazardous waste:

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Health care or medical waste management

• Hazardous waste in red plastic bag wrapped and

stored in red bin until collection.

• Non-hazardous waste in black bin.

• care during waste handling: Provision of personal

protective devices: head cover, thick rubber gloves,
plastic aprons, rubber boots covering at least half of
the leg;

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 Transport and disposal:
– Landfill: The domestic or general type of waste
can be disposed in this way.

– Incineration: sharps, gauzes, syringes, pathological

wastes, etc.

– Burial: placenta, blood, excretions, secretions;

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LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT

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 Definition
• Sewage: is a liquid state of waste matter including
faeces, urine, sullage, wastes arising from the activity
of washing, cleaning, etc.

• Sewage can be domestic and industrial origins.

• Sewerage system is a system in which excreta is

deposited into sanitary appliances and immediately
carried away by water

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 Objectives of liquid waste management

a) Prevent and control of communicable diseases.

• Avoid direct contact with man;
• Prevent surface and ground water contamination;
• Make inaccessible to vectors (flies, mosquitoes,
roaches, rats);
• Prevent food contamination;

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 Objectives of liquid waste management

b) Control of environmental pollution

c) Prevent and control public nuisance (odor, fly

breeding, etc.).

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 Relation of excreta and human health

• Faeco-oral diseases (filth borne):

• Viral: poliomyelitis, hepatitis, viral diarrhea,
• Bacterial: cholera, shigellosis, gastroenteritis, typhoid
• Protozoal: amoebiasis, giardiasis;
• Helminthic: schistosomiasis, taeniasis, ascariasis;

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Share the Responsibility

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• Thank you!

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