UNIT-3

channels
Digital Signaling for fading

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 Communication Link
Structure of a Wireless

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 Block Diagram-Transmitter

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 Block Diagram-Receiver

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 QPSK constellation diagrams

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 Virtues of Pulse Shaping

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 QPSK modulation

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 QPSK receiver

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 Offset QPSK waveforms

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 Pi/4 QPSK signaling

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 Pi/4 QPSK phase shifts

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 Pi/4 QPSK transmitter

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 Differential detection of pi/4 QPSK

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 IF Differential Detection

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 FM Discriminator detector

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 Minimum Shift Keying spectra

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 MSK modulation

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 MSK reception

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 GMSK spectral shaping

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 GMSK spectra shaping

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 Simple GMSK generation

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 GMSK Demodulator

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 Digital GMSK demodulator

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 Effects of Fading

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 Irreducible Bit Error Rate due to multipath

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 multipath
Irreducible Bit Error Rate due to

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 Simulation of Fading and Multipath

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 Irreducible BER due to fading

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 Irreducible BER due to fading

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 BER due to fading & multipath

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 Multiplexing (OFDM)
Orthogonal Frequency Division

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 Multiplexing
Principle of Orthogonal Frequency Division

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 Implementation of Transceivers

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 Cyclic Prefix

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 Windowing

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 Methods
in OFDM
Causes, Effects and Reduction
Peak To Average Power Ratio

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 Summary
Goal: reducing maximum output power to
near average power by limiting the set of
transmitted signals through coding
Complementary Golay Sequences have

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peak-to-average power less then 2
Reed-Muller Coding used to produce
these sequences out of information
sequence
 Effects of PAPR
 The power amplifiers at the transmitter need to have a
large linear range of operation.

 nonlinear distortions and peak amplitude limiting

introduced by the High Power amplifier (HPA) will

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produce inter-modulation between the different carriers
and introduce additional interference into the system.

 additional interference leads to an increase in the Bit

Error Rate (BER) of the system.
 Effects of PAPR
 one way to avoid non-linear distortion is by forcing the
amplifier to work in its linear region. Unfortunately such
solution is not power efficient and thus not suitable for
wireless communication.

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 The Analog to Digital converters and Digital to Analog
converters need to have a wide dynamic range and this
increases complexity.

 if clipped, it leads to in-band distortion (additional noise)

and ACI (out-of-band radiation)