Bias menjauhi garis normal

Refracts away from normal line

Sinar biasan lebih cerah

Refracted ray is brighter

Berkadar terus
Directly proportional
Semakin bertambah sudut tuju,
semakin bertambah sudut biasan
The greater the incidence angle, the
greater the refracted angle.

Sudut biasan, r menuju ke 90⁰

Angle of refraction approaches to 90⁰
 Bias pada sempadan udara-kaca.
Refracts on the glass-air boundary

Sudut genting, c: sudut tuju di mana

sudut biasan r = 90⁰
Critical angle, c: incidence angle, i
where refracted angle, r = 90⁰
 Apa itu sudut genting?
What is a critical angle?

Sudut genting, c: sudut tuju di mana

sudut biasan r = 90⁰
Critical angle, c: incidence angle, i
where refracted angle, r = 90⁰
 Cahaya dipantulkan dalam kaca
Lights is reflected in the glass.

Pantulan dalam penuh

Total internal reflection

Cahaya bergerak dari medium lebih

Sudut tuju melebihi sudut genting
tumpat ke kurang tumpat
Angle of incidence larger than
Light travels from denser medium to
critical angle. i > c
less dense medium.
Bias menjauhi garis normal
Refracts away from normal line

42⁰
 Bias menjauhi Bias di sepanjang Pantulan
garis normal sempada gelas-udara dalam penuh
Refracted away Refracted ray is at the Total internal
from normal boundary of glass - air reflection

i<c i=c i>c

Critical angle = 42°

Cahaya selari dengan garis normal
42⁰
Light parallel with normal line

i < c : Bias menjauhi garis normal

Refracts away from normal line
i = c : Bias pada sempadan udara-kaca
Refracts along boundary glass-air
i > c : Pantulan dalam penuh
Total internal reflection
 Cahaya bergerak dari mendium
lebih tumpat ke kurang tumpat
Light travel from denser to less
dense medium

n = sin r
i = c , r = 90°
sin i
n = indeks biasan
n = sin 90 n= . 1 . index of refraction
sin c sin c
c = sudut genting
critical angle
n= . 1 .
sin c

1.33 = . 1 .
sin c
Sin c = 1/1.33 30°
c = 48.75⁰ 60° 42°
60°
 n = 1/sin c
sin c = 1/n = 1/1.33

c = 50°

i>c,
pantulan dalam penuh
total internal reflection
 45⁰

  sin c = 1 .
1.51
c = 42 ⁰
50⁰
1. A light rays incident on a
plastic block at X. Which
shows the critical angle of
plastic?
Pada hari panas, seorang pemandu kereta dapat melihat lopak-lopak air di
permukaan jalan yang panas.
In hot days, a person travelling in a car will see an imaginary pool of water
appearing on the surface of the hot road
3. Cahaya dari awan bergerak dari
medium lebih tumpat ke kurang tumpat.
Light ray from the sky travels from
denser to less dense medium
4. Ia bias menjauhi garis normal.
It will refract away from the normal

2. Lapisan udara ke atas semakin sejuk dan

lebih tumpat.
The layers higher up are cooler and denser.
1. Lapisan udara berhampiran jalan lebih panas dan kurang tumpat.
The layers of air near the ground are hotter and less dense.
5. Sudut tuju bertambah sehingga ia
lebih besar dari sudut genting.
Angle of incidence increases until it
reaches an angle greater than the
critical angle, i > c
8. Mata kata cahaya datang dari
jalan dan bukan dari awan.
The eyes interpret light comes
from the road not from the sky.
7. Cahaya dipantulkan ke mata pemerhati.
The light is reflected towards the eye of the
observer.
6. Pantulan dalam penuh berlaku
Total internal Reflection occurs

9. Pemerhati akan lihat imej awan sebagai lopak2 air

di atas jalan.
The observer will see the image of the sky (as pool of
water) appearing on the road surface.
Suhu udara di bahagian atas lebih sejuk
The air at higher level is cooler.

Udara sejuk lebih tumpat Sinar cahaya bias menjauhi garis normal.
Cool air is denser. Light rays refracted away from normal line

Sudut tuju > sudut genting.

Incident angle > critical angle
Apabila sudut tuju > sudut genting,
pantulan dalam penuh berlaku
When incident angle > critical angle,
total internal reflection occurs.
Cahaya dipantulkan ke mata
pemerhati.
The light is reflected towards the eye
of the observer.
Mata kata cahaya datang dari jalan
dan bukan dari awan.
The eyes interpret light comes from
the road not from the sky.
Pemerhati akan lihat imej awan sebagai
lopak2 air di atas jalan.
The observer will see the image of the
sky (as pool of water) appearing on the
road surface.
Penyerakan cahaya
dispersion
Penyerakan, pembiasan, pantulan dalam penuh
Dispersion, refraction, total internal reflection

Dibiaskan & dipecahkan kepada 7

komponen warna di dalam titisan air hujan.
Refracted & dispersed into 7 colours
components inside the raindrops

Ianya kemudian dibiaskan apabila

meninggalkan titisan air hujan.
Ia mengalami pantulan dalam penuh It is then refracted again as it leaves the
It undergoes total internal reflection. drop.
 45⁰
42⁰

i>c
Apakah yang berlaku periskop setelah sinar
cahaya memasuki periskop?
What happens as light ray enter the
Dua 45⁰ prisma kaca periscope?
Two 45⁰ glass prisms Pantulan dalam penuh
Total internal reflection
 Maya, tegak, sama saiz
Virtual, upright, same size

1. Imej lebih cerah sebab semua

cahaya dipantulkan
The image is brighter because all
the light energy is reflected.
2. Imej lebih jelas sebab tiada imej
berganda dibentuk di atas cermin
periskop.
The image is clearer becasuse there
Periscope are no multiple images as formed in
a mirror periscope.
Melihat objek yang jauh
See distant objeck

Pantulan dalam penuh

Total internal reflection

Maya, tegak, sama saiz

Virtual, upright, same size
Binocular
Kebaikan menggunakan prisma dalam binokular
The benefits of using prisms in binoculars:
(a) Imej tegak boleh dihasilkan
an upright image is produced
(b) Jarak antara kanta objektif dan kanta
mata dikurangkan. Ini membuatkan
binocular lebih pendek berbanding teleskop
yang mempunyai kuasa pembesaran yang
sama.
The distance between the objective lens and
the eyepiece is reduced. This make the
binoculars shorter as compared to a
telescope which has the same manifying
glass.
Komunikasi, perubatan
Communication, medicine

Kaca / glass

Ketumpatan / density : Q > P Sudut tuju > sudut genting

Incident angle > critical angle
i>c

Indeks biasan/ refractive index : Q > P

(a) Lebih nipis dan ringan
they are much thinner and lighter
(b) Lebih banyak maklumat boleh dihantar pada satu masa
a large number of signals can be sent at one time
(c) Sedikit kehilangan tenaga walaupun jauh
very little loss in energy over great distance
(d) Isyarat selamat dan bebas dari gangguan elektrik
the signals are safe and free of electrical interference
(e) Boleh bawa data untuk computer dan rancangan TV
they can carry data for computer and TV programmes.
ENDOSCOPE
• Berlian mempunyai indeks biasan, n tinggi.
A Diamond has a high refractive index, n
• Semakin tinggi indeks biasa, semakin kecil sudut
genting.
The higher the refractive index, the smaller the critical
angle
• Sudut genting yang kecil bermaksud pantulan dalam
penuh mudah berlaku dalam berlian.
A small critical angle means total internal reflection
readily occurs
• Cahaya mudah di pantulkan dalam berlian.
Light is easily reflected inside the diamond
• Lebih banyak cahaya terperangkap dalam berlian
sebelum dibiaskan ke udara.
In this way, more light will be confined within the
diamond before refracting out into the air.
 Berlian Kaca / Glass
Diamond

c = 24°
Sudut genting kecil, pantulan dalam
penuh mudah berlaku
Low critical angle of diamond gives
total internal reflection
c = 42°
Sudut genting besar, cahaya dibiaskan
jauhi garis normal.
High critical angle of glass. Refracted
away from normal
 i = 30⁰ c = 41.8⁰ i = 30⁰ c = 24.4⁰
i<c i>c

Refract away Total internal reflection

from normal line
Figure 3.1 shows that a light ray being
incident perpendicularly to the surface PQ
of a glass prism PQR. The refractive
index of the prism is 1.5.
Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan sinar cahaya
ditujukan berserenjang ke permukaan PQ
45°
prisma kaca PQR. Indeks pembiasan
prisma ialah 1.5.

(a) Find the angle of incidence at the surface PR.

Cari sudut tuju pada permukaan PR.
45°
n = 1/sin c
(b) Calculate the critical angle of the prism. Sin c = 1/1.5
Hitung sudut genting prisma. c = 41.8 = 42⁰
 
(c)(i) Explain what happen to the light ray after if
strikes the surface PR.
Terangkan apa yang berlaku kepada sinar
cahaya selepas kena permukaan PR.
Total internal reflection occurs
pantulan dalam penuh berlaku

(ii) State the condition for the

phenomenon in (c)(i) above to take place.
  Nyatakan situasi supaya fenomena dalam
(c)(i) berlaku. Cahaya bergerak daripada medium
Light travels from denser medium lebih tumpat (kaca) ke medium kurang
(glass) to less dense medium (air) tumpat (udara)
i>c i>c
(d) Another identical glass prism XYZ is
arranged as shown in Figure 8.2 below. Two
parallel light rays K and L are incident
perpendicularly onto the surface PQ.
Satu lagi prisma kaca yang sama XYZ
disusun seperti dalam Rajah 8.2. Dua sinar
selari K dan L ditujukan berserenjang ke
permukaan PQ.
(i) In the diagram, draw the correct path of the light
rays K and L until they emerge from the prism XYZ.
Dalam Rajah di bawah, lukis lintasan cahaya yang
betul K dan L sehingga keluar dari prisma XYZ.

(ii) Name the device which uses the above arrangement of prism.
Namakan alat yang menggunakan susunan prisma di atas.
Periscope / periskop
 10

Periscope / periskop
 10

To cause total internal reflection /

pantulan dalam penuh berlaku
Upright, virtual, same size
Maya, tegak, sama saiz

n = 1/sin c = 1.52
c = 41.14⁰
9

Incidence ray parallel with the normal line

Sinar tuju selari dengan garis normal
9

Increase / bertambah
Decrease / berkurang

Glass is denser / kaca lebih tumpat

9

Refraction away from normal / bias menjauhi garis normal

Total internal reflection / pantulan dalam penuh

Total internal reflection

Pantulan dalam penuh
Incident angle when refracted angle is 90°
sudut tuju apabila sudut biasan ialah 90°

10

Refracted // dibiaskan
i<c
 10

45° more// banyak

Total internal reflection occurs brighter// lebih cerah

pantulan dalam penuh berlaku

n = 1/sin 42°
= 1.49