MODUL 1

ACADEMIC ENGLISH
GRAMMAR IN USE
Kuscahyo Budi Prayogo

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS

DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY
SEMARANG
VERB
 Subject

Complete
Thought Action Verb
Linking Verb
SIMPLE
Verb
SENTENCE Helping Verb

Sentence Verbal
Pattern

Preposition
Simple Sentence: VERB_ACTION VERB

The VERB of a sentence tells what the subject does or connects the subject to words that describe or
rename it. Without a verb, a sentence is not complete.

ACTION VERB
1. An action verb tells what the subject does, did, or will do.
Nomar Garciaparra plays baseball.
Renee will drive to Tampa on Friday.
Amelia Earhart flew across the Atlantic.
2. Action verbs can also show mental and emotional actions.
Travis always worries about his job.
3. Sometimes, the subject of a sentence performs more than one action. In this case, the sentence
includes two or more action verbs joined to form a compound predicate.
He hit the ball, threw down his bat, and ran toward first base.
Simple Sentence: VERB: Practice 2: Identifying Action Verb

A. In the following sentences, underline each action verb. Some sentences contain more than one
action verb.

1. Many critics see one romance novel as just like another.

2. The plot usually involves a beautiful young woman, the heroine, in of danger.
3. A handsome stranger offers his help.
4. At first, the heroine distrusts him.
5. Then, another man enters the story and wins the heroine’s trust.
6. Readers, however, see this man as an evil villain.
7. Almost too late, the heroine too realizes the truth.
8. Luckily, the handsome hero returns and saves her from a nasty fate.
9. Many readers enjoy the predictable plots of romance novels.
10. However, most literary critics dislike these books.
Simple Sentence: VERB: Practice 2: Identifying Action Verb

B. In the following sentences, underline each action verb. Some sentences contain more than one
action verb.
“I'm Lisa. I have an account at my local branch of one of the big high-street banks. I have a current
account for writing cheques, paying by debit card and paying bills. It is a joint account with my
husband. Normally, we are in the black, but sometimes we spend more money than we have in the
account and we go into the red. This overdraft is agreed by the bank up to a maximum of £500, but
we pay quite a high interest rate on it. I also have a deposit account or savings account for keeping
money longer term. This account pays us interest (but not very much, especially after tax!).
We have a credit card with the same bank too. Buying with plastic is very convenient. We pay off
what we spend each month, so we don't pay interest. The interest rate is even higher than for
overdrafts! Like many British people, we have a mortgage, a loan to buy our house.”

C. Answer the following questions.

1. What type of bank account do you prefer? Why?
2. Which one do you prefer, paying cash or plastic? Why?
Simple Sentence: VERB_LINKING VERB

A LINKING VERB does not show action. Instead, it connects the subject to a word or words that
describe or rename it. The linking verb tells what the subject is (or what it was, will be, or seems to
be).
A googolplex is an extremely large number.
Many linking verbs, like is, are forms of the verb be. Other linking verbs refer to the senses (look, feel,
and so on).
The photocopy looks blurry.
Some students feel anxious about the future.
Some words can be either action verbs or linking verbs, depending on how they are used in a
particular sentence.
ACTION VERB: The dog smelled Jake’s shoes.
LINKING VERB: The dog smelled terrible.
Simple Sentence: VERB: Practice 3: Identifying Linking Action Verb

A. In the following sentences, underline each linking verb..

1. Urban legends are folk tales created to teach a lesson.

2. One familiar urban legend is the story of Hookman.
3. According to this story, a young couple is alone in Lovers’ Lane.
4. The lovers are in a car, listening to a radio announcement.
5. An escaped murderer is nearby.
6. The murderer’s left hand is a hook.
7. The young woman becomes hysterical.
8. Suddenly, Lovers’ Lane seems very dangerous.
9. Later, they are shocked to see a hook hanging from the passenger door handle.
10. The purpose of this legend is to convince young people to avoid dangerous places.
Simple Sentence: VERB: Practice 3: Identifying Linking Action Verb

B. Underline every verb in each of the following sentences. Remember that a verb can be an
action verb or a linking verb.
Example: Infomercials are long television commercials.
The word infomercial comes from the words information and commercial. (2) Like commercials,
infomercials sell products. (3) Unlike commercials, infomercials sell products directly to viewers. (4)
Infomercial hosts are “experts” or celebrities. (5) Some infomercials use talk show or news report
formats. (6) Many infomercial products are available only on television. (7) Famous products include
the Food Saver, Mighty Putty, and the Ginsu knife. (8) Many infomercial products are not good
bargains. (9) Still, television viewers love to buy them. (10) Infomercials earn $ 2 billion every year.
C. Answer the following questions with True, False, or Not Mention
1. Both infomercial and commercial sell products to viewers.
2. Many viewers pay more than they should be.
3. Experts or celebrities are paid a lot of money to be the host of an infomercial.
4. Infomercial is an expensive program broadcast on TV
5. Viewers buy infomercial products, because of the celebrities.
Simple Sentence: VERB_HELPING VERB

Many verbs consist of more than one word. For example, the verb in the following sentence consists
of two words.
Minh must make a decision about his future.
HELPING VERB MAIN VERB

BE
+ VERBS giving information about when the action occurs.
HELPING VERB/ HAVE
auxiliary VERB DO + VERBS forming questions and negative statements.
MODAL CAN (willingness), MAY (possibility), SHOULD (necessity), MUST (obligation)

Ѵ Ѵ Ѵ
Minh should have gone earlier. Minh will work hard.
Ѵ Ѵ
Did Minh ask the right questions? Minh can really succeed.
Simple Sentence: VERB: Practice 4: Identifying Helping Verb

A. Underline every helping verb in each of the following sentences.

Ѵ
Example: The Salk polio vaccine was given to more than a million school children in 1954.
(1) By the 1950s, parents had become terrified of polio. (2) For years, it had puzzled
doctors and researchers. (3) Thousands had become ill each year in the United States alone. (4)
Children should have been playing happily. (5) Instead, they would get very sick.(6) Polio was
sometimes called infantile paralysis. (7) In fact, it did cause paralysis in children and in adults as well.
(8) Some patients could breathe only with the help of machines called iron lungs. (9) Others would
remain in wheelchairs for life. (10) By 1960, Jonas Salk’s vaccine had reduced the incidence of polio in
the United States by more than 90percent.

B. Answer the following questions.

1. Identify facts that made parents become horrified of polio in 1950s.
2. What the negative impacts polio might bring before Jonas Salk’s vaccine was found?
Simple Sentence: VERB: Practice 5: Identifying Helping Verb

C. Underline every helping verb in each of the following sentences.

Trading had been heavy on the New York Stock Exchange. (2) A very high turnover of one and a half
billion shares was changing hands in a minute. (3) We had seen spectacular gains, especially among
blue chips. (4) This bull market would be set to continue, after yesterday's record high at the close.
(5) Dealers seemed bullish and expected the Dow to go through the 15,000 barrier soon.
(6) There was panic selling on the New York Stock Exchange, because prices had fallen to new five-
year lows. (7) There had been some spectacular declines, with billions of dollars had been wiped
off the value of some of America's best-known companies, and more than 10 per cent of total
market capitalization. (8) The bear market had continued, with prices would be set to fall further
in the next few days. (9) Dealers was bearish, with many saying there was no sign of a rally. (10) If
prices continued to fall, there might be another stock market collapse or crash, like the ones in
1929 and 1987.
D. Answer the following questions.
1. Identify facts that had made trading on the New York Stock Exchange heavy.
2. Identify facts that made people became panic on the New York Stock Exchange.
Simple Sentence: VERB: Vocabs
E. Vocabs.
trading = buying and selling of shares ...
very high turnover = large number ...
changing hands = being bought and sold ...
spectacular gains = big increases in value ...
blue chips = famous companies with history
of profit in good and bad economic time
bull market = rising prices ...
high = highest level ever ...
close = end of the working day ...
bullish = optimistic ...
go through = to pass
barrier = the 'round' number of ...
panic selling = selling shares for any price ...
new five-year lows = their lowest point for five years ...
spectacular declines = large decreases ...
wiped off.. value = taken off the total share value ...
10 per cent of total market capitalization = the total
value of shares listed on the market going down by 10
per cent ...
bear = falling prices ...
bearish = pessimistic ...
a rally = prices starting to rise again ...
stock market collapse/crash = very serious drop in the
value of shares on the market, with serious economic
consequences ...
Simple Sentence: VERB_VERBAL
Do not confuse verbs with verbals. Verbals are verblike words in certain respects, but they do not
function as verbs. They function as other parts of speech. There are three kinds of verbal.

1. An infinitive is made up of the word to and a verb. An infinitive provides information, but, unlike
the true verb, it is not tied to the subject of the sentence. It acts as a noun or de-scribing unit.

He wanted to get a bachelor’s degree.

To get a bachelor’s degree was his main objective.

(The word wanted is the verb for the subject He. The word get follows to; to get is an infinitive.)
Simple Sentence: VERB_VERBAL

2. A gerund is a verblike word ending in -ing that acts as a noun.

Retrieving her e-mail was always an exciting experience.
She thought about retrieving her e-mail.
Retrieving in each sentence acts as a noun.

3. A participle is a verblike word that usually has an -ing or an -ed ending.

Walking to town in the dark, he lost his way.
Wanted by the FBI, she was on the run.
The starved dog barked for food.
The word walking answers the question when. The word wanted answers the question which one. The
word starved describes the dog. Walking, wanted, and starved are describing words; they are not the
true verbs in the sentences.
Simple Sentence: VERB: Practice 5: Identifying Helping Verb

A. Underline every verbal in each of the following sentences.

(1) Now buying and selling can be done over computer networks. (2) Brokers and traders do not need
to be in one place. (3) When speculators want to make money, they do by dealing from a computer in
their living room.
(4) In New York, the area around Wall Street is traditionally home to many financial institutions to do
business, such as the New York Stock Exchange. (5) However, being an expensive area, many of them
have moved to others places to reduce spending. (6) Meanwhile, being Europe's most important
financial centers makes London to be overloaded. (7) Over 500 foreign banks have offices in London,
and its well-known stock exchange is the largest in Europe. (8) More and more financial institutions are
not actually based in the traditional area of the city or Square Mile.
(9) As in New York, they are moving to other areas to get cheaper property. (10) So, will financial
centers continue to be as important in the future as they are now?
D. Answer the following questions.
1. What are advantages and disadvantages of being in the financial center.
2. For some people, working dealing by using computer is effective. Do you agree? Why
To be continued……………….
 Subject

Complete
Thought Action Verb
Linking Verb
SIMPLE
Verb
SENTENCE Helping Verb

Sentence Verbal
Pattern

Preposition
PREPOSITION
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITION

A preposition relates a noun or pronoun to some other parts of the sentence.

1. The group will meet before lunch.
V PREP N
(The preposition before relates the noun lunch to the verb will meet.)
2. A letter for you came today.
N PREP PRON

3. It is cool in the shade.

ADJ PREP N

4. The shelf was finished poorly along the edges.

ADV PREP N

5. We were late because of the fog

ADJ PREP N
A few prepositions consist of more than one word:
because of, in spite of, etc.
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITION

A preposition relates a noun or pronoun to some other parts of the sentence.

1. The group will meet before lunch.
V PREP N
(The preposition before relates the noun lunch to the verb will meet.)
2. A letter for you came today. Caution: Do not confuse a preposition with
N PREP PRON an adverb. Compare before in the following
pair of sentences:
3. It is cool in the shade.
ADJ PREP N 1. We met before
V ADV
4. The shelf was finished poorly along the edges.
ADV PREP N (Before is an adverb modifying the verb met.)
2. They met before lunch
5. We were late because of the fog V PREP N
ADJ PREP N
(Before is a preposition relating the noun
A few prepositions consist of more than one word:
lunch to the verb met.)
because of, in spite of, etc.
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITION

Here is a list of words commonly used as prepositions. (If you see one of the words below in a
sentence, check whether it is in fact being used as a preposition before concluding that it is one. (See
again sentences 1 and 2)

about by out of beyond on within above despite outside between off

with across down over beside of upon after during past below like
up against except since behind into until along for through before
instead of under among from throughout because of in spite of toward
around in till at inside to but (meaning “except”) without
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITION_PRACTICE 5

Each of the following sayings may or may not contain a preposition. If it contains a preposition, write
that preposition in the space provided. If it does not, write no prep. Look at the examples:
Do not put all your eggs in one basket. In
The early bird catches the worm. no prep.
1. A word to the wise is sufficient.
2. Do not judge a book by its cover.
3. Fools and their money are soon parted.
4. An apple never falls far from the tree.
5. Birds of a feather flock together.
6. A house divided against itself cannot stand.
7. Better late than never.
8. People who live in glass houses should not throw stones
9. Do not put off until tomorrow what you can do today.
10. Necessity is the mother of invention.
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITION_PRACTICE 6

Change each sentence to a sentence that has the opposite meaning—and do this by changing just
one word, the preposition, to another preposition. Look at the examples:

The customer wanted coffee with cream

The customer wanted coffee without cream

1. We waited outside the library. We waited ___________________ the library.

2. Take one tablet before each meal. Take one tablet ___________________ each meal.
3. Did someone run into the house? Did someone run ___________________ the house?
4. The trip to school took an hour. The trip ___________________ school took an hour.
5. Most of the fans were against us. Most of the fans were ___________________ us.
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITION

Every preposition is followed by a noun or a pronoun.

He slammed the ball out of the infield.

PREP N

Please do not leave without us.

PREP PRON
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITION

Every preposition is followed by a noun or a pronoun.

He slammed the ball out of the infield.

PREP N
OBJ. OF PREP
(The noun infield is the object of the preposition out of.)
Please do not leave without us.
PREP PRON
OBJ. OF PREP
(The pronoun us is the object of the preposition without.)
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITION_PRACTICE 7

Find the preposition and the object of the preposition. Look at the examples:
PREP OBJ. OF PREP
Who was behind the wheel? Behind wheel
Because of you, we could not go. Because of you
1. The story is about a teen.
2. Get out of this house!
3. Meet me outside the library.
4. She has been sick since Friday.
5. Wait until next week.
6. Do you want rye bread instead of a roll?
7. Everyone agreed except Ryan.
8. Drop the rental DVD in the nearest return slot.
9. Football play continued in spite of the snow.
10. I have never seen anything like it.
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITIONAL_PHRASES

A prepositional phrase is a group of words that (1) begins with a preposition and (2) ends with the
object of the preposition (a noun or pronoun).

Who was behind the wheel? Behind wheel

Because of you, we could not go. Because of you

1. The story is about a teen.

2. Get out of this house!
3. Meet me outside the library.
4. She has been sick since Friday.
5. Wait until next week.
6. Do you want rye bread instead of a roll?
7. Everyone agreed except Ryan.
8. Drop the rental DVD in the nearest return slot.
9. Football play continued in spite of the snow.
10. I have never seen anything like it.
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITIONAL_PHRASES

Every day hundreds of prepositional Preposition + Object = Prepositional Phrase

phrases is used. Look at the examples:
 in your pockets, in your pockets in your pockets
 on the dresser, on the dresser on the dresser
 under the sofa, under the sofa under the sofa
 between the cushions, between the cushions between the cushions
 on your wrist, on your wrist on your wrist

All of the expressions, which describe locations, are prepositional phrases.

ending with a I wrote with a pen

prepositional noun I wrote with a new pen
phrase with a
Without her, they would have lost the game.
pronoun
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITIONAL_PHRASES

Every day hundreds of prepositional Preposition + Object = Prepositional Phrase

phrases is used. Look at the examples:
 in your pockets, in your pockets in your pockets
 on the dresser, on the dresser on the dresser
 under the sofa, under the sofa under the sofa
 between the cushions, between the cushions between the cushions
 on your wrist, on your wrist on your wrist

All of the expressions, which describe locations, are prepositional phrases.

Example of a prepositional phrase ending with a noun:

I wrote with a pen
I wrote with a new pen
Without her, they would have lost the game.
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITION_PRACTICE 8

Underline the prepositional phrase. Then, in the spaces at the right, enter theprepositionand the
object of the preposition. Look at the examples:
PREP OBJ. OF PREP
I bought a ticket for the first performance for performance
1. With your help we cannot fail.
2. The Jacksons live above us.
3. Take the train instead of the bus.
4. Nate swims like a fish.
5. In spite of her failure, she will try again.
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITION_PRACTICE 8

Underline the prepositional phrase. Then, in the spaces at the right, enter theprepositionand the
object of the preposition. Look at the examples:
PREP OBJ. OF PREP
I bought a ticket for the first performance for performance
1. With your help we cannot fail.
2. The Jacksons live above us.
3. Take the train instead of the bus.
4. Nate swims like a fish.
5. In spite of her failure, she will try again.

Sometimes we can express an idea through either an adverb or a prepositional phrase.

Handle the glassware carefully (ADV).
Handle the glassware with care (PREP. PHR).
If you know more than one way to express your ideas, you will be a better writer.
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITION_PRACTICE 9

Replace the adverb with a prepositional phrase. Look at the examples:

He acted selfishly. in a selfish manner
Luckily, the bus was waiting. By luck
You cannot stay here. in this place
1. Does the motor run quietly?
2. It happened accidentally.
3. Who lives there.
4. She replied angrily.
5. We worry always.
6. The child slept restlessly.
7. You are doubtlessly right.
8. Few of us face danger fearlessly.
9. The meetings are conducted democratically.
10. Instantly, the fire was extinguished.
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITION_PRACTICE 10

Rewrite the sentence, replacing the adjective with a prepositional phrase. Look at the examples:
You may find yourself penniless. You may find yourself without a penny.
A mayor is an important person. A mayor is a person of importance.

1. Many European tourists visit the United States each year. _________________________________
2. My help was useless. _________________________________
3. Many cars are designed to use unleaded gasoline. _________________________________
4. The Canadian people are our neighbors. _________________________________
5. Take the end seat. _________________________________
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITION_PRACTICE 10

Rewrite the sentence, replacing the adjective with a prepositional phrase. Look at the examples:
You may find yourself penniless. You may find yourself without a penny.
A mayor is an important person. A mayor is a person of importance.

1. Many European tourists visit the United States each year. _________________________________
2. My help was useless. _________________________________
3. Many cars are designed to use unleaded gasoline. _________________________________
4. The Canadian people are our neighbors. _________________________________
5. Take the end seat. _________________________________

Sometimes we can express an idea through either an adjective or a prepositional phrase.

An unsigned check is valueless. (ADJ).
An unsigned check is of no value. (PREP. PHR).
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITION_PRACTICE 11

Identifying Subjects, Verb, and Prepositional Phrases. In each of the following sentences, underline
the prepositional phrases and circle the subject and verb.
Example: During the interview, the candidate must clarify specific positions.

1. In the plane, the tour passengers slept lightly.

2. The rocking motion of the plane was somewhat disturbing.
3. Many of the passengers slept with a pillow under their heads.
4. Outside the cabin, the stars shone like small fireflies in the dark.
5. There was a hushed silence inside the cabin.
6. In most cases, smaller children slept on their parents’ laps.
7. The people with older children were free to roll over on their sides if they wanted to.
8. After the flight landed, the passengers walked to the baggage carousel.
9. On the waiting ramp, the passengers were required to show tickets to the skycaps.
10. During the trip to the hotel, their bags were carried on the top of the bus.
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITION_PRACTICE 12

Each of the following sentences includes at least one prepositional phrase.(a). circle each sentence’s
subject and verb, (b) underline each prepositional phrase. Look at the examples:
In presidential elections, third-party candidates have attracted many voters.

(1) With more than 27 percent of the vote, Theodore Roosevelt was the strongest third-party
presidential candidate in history. (2) In the 1912 election, Roosevelt ran second to Woodrow Wilson. (3)
Before Roosevelt, no third-party candidate had won a significant number of votes. (4) In recent years,
however, some candidates of other parties have done quite well. (5) In 1968, George C. Wallace of the
American Independent Party won 13 per-cent of the vote. (6) In 1980, John B. Anderson, an
Independent, got almost 7 percent of the vote. (7) With nearly 19 percent of the popular vote, Ross
Perot ran a strong race against Democrat Bill Clinton and Republican George Bush in 1992. (8) In 2000,
with the support of many environmentalists, Ralph Nader ran for the presidency. (9) In 2004, Nader was
also on the ballot in many states. (10) The two-party system of the United States has survived despite
many challenges by third-party candidates.
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITION_IN COMMON EXPRESSION

Prepositions are often combined with other words to form fixed expressions. Determining
the correct preposition in these expressions can sometimes be confusing. Following is a list of some
troublesome expressions with prepositions
Expression Example
according to According to the directions, this flap fits here.
acquainted with Tom became acquainted with his classmates
addicted to He is addicted to soap operas.
afraid of Tanya is afraid of flying.
agree on (a plan) Can we agree on our next step?
agree to (something or Roberta agreed to her secretary’s request for a raise.
another’s proposal)
angry about or at (a thing) Jake seemed angry about his meager bonus.
angry with (a person) Sonia couldn’t stay angry with Felipe.
apply for (a position) By accident, the twins applied for the same job.
approve of Do you approve of bilingual education?
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITION_IN COMMON EXPRESSION
Expression Example
argue about (an issue) I hate arguing about money.
argue with (a person) Edna argues with everyone about everything.
capable of Mario is capable of accomplishing anything he attempts.
complain about (a situation) Patients complained about the long wait to see the dentist.
complain to (a person) Knee-deep in snow, Jed vowed to complain to a maintenance person
comply with Each contestant must comply with contest regulations.
consist of This article consists of nothing but false accusations and half-truths.
contrast with The light blue shirt contrasts sharply with the dark brown tie.
correspond with We corresponded with her for two months before we met.
depend on Miriam can be depended on to say the embarrassing thing.
different from Children are often different from their parents
differ from (something) A DVD player differs from a VCR in many ways.
differ with (a person) Kathleen differs with you on the gun control issue.
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITION_AFTER ADJECTIVE

afraid of full of responsible for ashamed of happy about scared of

aware of interested in sorry about/sorry for confused by nervous about tired of
embarrassed about proud of worried about excited about reminded of

about of
Tanya is excited of going to Mexico. However, she is afraid by taking time off.
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITION_AFTER VERB

Many verbs in English consist of a verb plus a preposition (or an adverb). The meaning of these
combinations is not usually the literal meaning the verb and the preposition would each have on its own.
Often, the meaning of the verb changes completely depending on which preposition is used with it.

You must take out the trash. [take out > bring to a different location]
You must take in the exciting sights of New York City. [take in = observe]
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITION_AFTER VERB
Expression
call in (telephone)
call off (cancel)
call on (choose)
drop in (visit)
drop off (leave behind)
drop out (quit)
fight against (combat)
fight for (defend)
fill in (refill)
fill out (complete)
fill up (make something full)
find out (discover)
give up (forfeit)
Example
You can call in your order..
Hey called off the pool party.
The teacher always calls on me.
Drop in when you are in the area.
Cherry will drop off the car
Too many students drop out of school
He tried to fight against the proposal.
We need to fight for our rights.
Please fill in the holes in the ground.
Please fill out this application form
Don’t fill up with junk food
Did you find out what happened?.
Don’t give up your place in line.
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITION_PRACTICE 13

A. Edit the following sentences to make sure that the correct prepositions are used. Examples:
Several U.S. presidents have said that they were sorry of the mistreatment of Japanese Americans
during World War II for
1. During World War II, more than 120,000 Japanese Americans were locked down in internment camps.
2. Many young Japanese Americans still chose to sign away for the U.S. military.
3. These soldiers often had to fight for prejudice as well as the enemy.
4. About eight hundred Japanese American soldiers gave in their lives during the fighting.
5. After the war, many Japanese Americans who had been interned were ashamed for their experience.
6. More than fifty years after the war, some Americans of Japanese descent became interested on creating
a memorial to the Japanese Americans of the war years.
7. They wanted to make other Americans aware on the sacrifices of Japanese Americans during World War
II.
8. A city full with memorials to the country’s past, Washington, D.C., was chosen to be the site of the
National Japanese American Memorial, unveiled in 2000.
9. For the center of the memorial park, the designers picked on a sculpture by a Japanese American artist,
Nina Akamu, featuring two cranes tangled in barbed wire.
10. Visitors to the park are now reminded on Japanese Americans’ struggle for acceptance in the United
States.
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITION_PRACTICE 13

B. Edit the following paragraph to make sure that the correct prepositions are used.
(1) Students who are anxious on mathematics take fewer math classes and perform worse in them than
students who do not have math anxiety. (2) Scientists once believed that students were afraid about
math because they were not good at it, but that belief was incorrect. (3) It turns up that worry prevents
students from understanding mathematics as well as they could. (4) Fear interferes in the working
memory that is necessary for math, making students less able to think about math problems. (5) Starting
on about the age of twelve, students with math anxiety become less able to compensate for the loss of
working memory. (6)The good news is that effective treatment is available for math anxiety. (7) Students
who once thought they would never be able to understand math may someday find up that they can
conquer their anxiety and cope with numbers.

Answer the following questions.

1. What is the real problem of studying math for students?
2. What are the impacts of being afraid of mathematic?
Simple Sentence: PREPOSITION_PRACTICE 13

C. Edit the following financial report to make sure that the correct prepositions are used.

(1) Yesterday in Asia, in Hong Kong, the Hang Seng was capable to close 1.6 per cent up to 15,657
exactly. (2) In Tokyo the Nikkei was also up, to 15,747.20. (3) In New York last night, the Dow closed 1.8
per cent higher to 10,824 exactly, and similar with the hi-tech Nasdaq, its index was 3.3 per cent
increased at 3,778.32. (4) Turning now in Europe, different with yesterday’s situation, in early trading in
London the FTSE is 0.1 per cent decreases at 6,292.80. (5) The French CAC 40 index is also identical with
London slightly down at 6,536.85. (5) The Dax in Germany, however, is 0.1 per cent higher to 6,862.85.

Answer the following questions.

1. Which stock exchange gained the highest?
2. Which stock exchange dropped the most?
3. FTSE is the best in Europe. Do you agree? Explain.
 Subject

Complete
Thought Action Verb
Linking Verb
SIMPLE
Verb
SENTENCE Helping Verb

Sentence Verbal
Pattern

Preposition
COMPLETE THOUGHTS
Simple Sentence: COMPLETE THOUGHTS

A complete thought is an idea that is expressed in a sentence and that makes sense by it-self without
other sentences; while, an incomplete thought leaves readers wondering what is going on.

Complete Thought Incomplete Thought

The phone rang as I was leaving.
The people selling the car placed the ad
Carlos lives in the apartment next door.
I work for a large European can company.
I work on car design.
I am responsible for coordinating people.
I am in charge of design budgets.
as I was leaving [What’s going on?]
the people selling the car [What’s going on?]
in the apartment next door
and I have to leave home early
therefore I always go home late
So I have to work with them closely
and I deal with a lot of different people
Simple Sentence: COMPLETE THOUGHTS _PRACTICE 14

IDENTIFYING COMPLETE THOUGHTS. Some of the following items contain complete thoughts, and
others do not. In the space to the left of each item, write either “C” for complete thought or “I” for
incomplete thought. If you write “I,” add words to make a sentence.
Example: __I__ If someone wants to borrow the club’s bike.✔
If someone wants to borrow the club’s bike, s/he must deposit some money.
_____ 1. Although some prefer classic rock.
_____ 2. Eager to see the movie from its beginning.
_____ 3. Richard’s late.
_____ 4. The arriving train.
_____ 5. There are apples.
_____ 6. Do not run.
_____ 7. Playing loud music at a bus stop.
_____ 8. They’re right.
_____ 9. Even with too many people signed up for the softball team.
_____ 10. Instead of wearing a traditional tie.
Simple Sentence: COMPLETE THOUGHTS _PRACTICE 15

EDITING. Paragraph 1: Underline each subject, double-underline each verb, and correct the six
incomplete thoughts, and formulate the new one.
(1) It can be easier to help others than many people think. (2) For example, donating hair. (3) Some
people need donated hair in the form of wigs. (4) Who uses these wigs? (5) Mostly, children with cancer
or other diseases that cause hair loss. (6) Donating is popular, especially with young girls. (7) More and
more frequently, though, men and boys are contributing hair. (8) For example, one non profit
organization. (9) It receives up to 2,000 locks of hair every week. (10) Unfortunately, most of the donated
hair is unusable for this charity’s wigs. (11) Because the charity’s guidelines are quite strict. (12)
Rejecting hair that is gray, wet, moldy, too short, or too processed. (13) It is able to sell some rejected
hair to help meet the group’s costs. (14) But continues to encourage donations. (15) Obviously,
contributors feel they are getting more than they are giving.
Simple Sentence: COMPLETE THOUGHTS _PRACTICE 15

EDITING. Paragraph 2: Underline each subject, double-underline each verb, and correct the six
incomplete thoughts, and formulate the new one.
(1) New parents commonly dress their baby boys in blue. (2) And their girls in pink. (3) Now, a recent
study suggests that males actually do prefer blue and females prefer pink. (4)Or at least a redder shade
of blue. (5) The study involved 208 men and women ages 20 to 26.(6) Who were asked to quickly select
their preferred color. (7) Choosing from about 1,000 colored rectangles on a computer screen. (8)
Women and men like blue. (9) According to the study. (10) However, women clearly express a greater
preference for the pinker end of the blue color spectrum. (11) The researchers think that females may
have developed a preference for more reddish colors. (12) Which resemble riper fruit and healthier faces.
Simple Sentence: COMPLETE THOUGHTS _PRACTICE 15

EDITING. Paragraph 3: Underline each subject, double-underline each verb, and correct the incomplete
thoughts, and formulate the new one.
I'm Sam Woo. I've been a fraud squad detective for 20 years and I've seen a lot!
Once, a gang counterfeited millions of banknotes in a garage. And the money, US$10 million in counterfeit notes.
Very good quality. Counterfeiting or forgery of banknotes a problem, but now all the forgers are in jail.
Faking luxury goods like Rolex watches also a problem, but we working hard to close workshops. Where fakes are
made.
There have been bad cases of fraud. Where someone offers to lend money. But demands that the borrower pays
a "fee" before they get the loan. People stupid. And there's embezzlement, a type of fraud where someone
illegally gets money from their employer. One accountant sent false invoices to the company he worked for, and
paid money from his company into bank accounts of false companies he had "created". He embezzled $2 million.
Quite a scam.
Used to be a lot of racketeers demanding "protection money" from businesses. If didn't pay, their businesses
were burnt down. Money laundering, hiding the illegal origin of money, common - gangsters buy property with
money from drugs. When they sell the property. The money becomes "legal". But banks telling us when someone
makes a large cash deposit.”
Simple Sentence: COMPLETE THOUGHTS _PRACTICE 15

EDITING. Paragraph 3: Underline each subject, double-underline each verb, and correct the incomplete
thoughts, and formulate the new one.
I'm Sam Woo. I've been a fraud squad detective for 20 years and I've seen a lot!
Once, a gang counterfeited millions of banknotes in a garage. We found US$10 million in counterfeit notes. They
were very good quality. Counterfeiting or forgery of banknotes was a problem, but now all the forgers are in jail.
Faking luxury goods like Rolex watches was also a problem, but we're working hard to close workshops where
fakes are made.
There have been bad cases of fraud where someone offers to lend money, but demands that the borrower pays a
"fee" before they get the loan. People can be stupid. And there's embezzlement, a type of fraud where someone
illegally gets money from their employer. One accountant sent false invoices to the company he worked for, and
paid money from his company into bank accounts of false companies he had "created". He embezzled $2 million -
quite a scam.
There used to be a lot of racketeers demanding "protection money" from businesses. If they didn't pay, their
businesses were burnt down. Money laundering, hiding the illegal origin of money, is common - gangsters buy
property with money from drugs. When they sell the property, the money becomes "legal". But banks now help
by telling us when someone makes a large cash deposit.”
Simple Sentence: COMPLETE THOUGHTS _PRACTICE 15

Answer the following questions.

1. Summarize in one paragraph what Sam Woo is talking about.
2. It is true that counterfeiting or forgery of banknotes is a problem. Discuss reasons for people
doing it.
3. It is true that counterfeiting or forgery of banknotes is a problem. Discuss the impact that might
happen.
 Subject

Complete
Thought Action Verb
Linking Verb
SIMPLE
Verb
SENTENCE Helping Verb

Sentence Verbal
Pattern

Preposition
SIX BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS
Simple Sentence: 6 BASIC PATTERNS
In English, there are six basic sentence patterns, some of which you have already worked with. Although
there are other patterns, they build on these six.
S V
1. Subject-Verb (S-V). Airplanes pollute.
S LV N
2. Subject – Linking Verb – Noun (S-LV-N). Fuel is pollutant
S LV ADJ
3. Subject – Linking Verb – Adjective (S-LV-ADJ). Travel seems cheap
S V ADV
4. Subject – Verb – Adverb (S-V-ADV). Pollution costs clearly
S V DO
5. Subject – Verb – Direct Object (S-V-DO). It degrades ozone

6. Subject – Verb – Indirect Object – Direct Object (S-V-IO-DO)

An indirect object does not directly receive the action of the verb.
S V IO DO
Biofuels offer us hope
Simple Sentence: 6 BASIC PATTERNS_PRACTICE 16
IDENTIFYING BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS. In each of the following sentences, identify the basic sentence
pattern by writing “S” above the subject, “V” above a verb, “LV” above a linking verb, “N” above a noun,
“ADJ” above an adjective, “ADV” above an adverb, “DO” above a direct object, and “IO” above an
indirect object.
S V IO DO
Example: Dogs teach people manners.

1. Dogs teach. 6. They clearly teach.

2. Dogs are natural coaches. 7. Dogs give owners valuable lesson.
3. Dogs appear submissive. 8. Dogs greet owners excitedly.
4. They teach people lessons. 9. Dogs respond promptly.
5. They instruct unintentionally. 10. Dogs are extremely polite.
Simple Sentence: 6 BASIC PATTERNS_PRACTICE 17

EDITING.
GO TO HD_1
To be continued……………….