DAIRY

PRODUCTION
Milk & Milk Products
 Milk – nature’s most perfect food.
 Colostrum (first milk) is rich
in antibodies.
 Many nutritious foods are
prepared from milk:
i.Condensed milk
ii.Evaporated milk
iii.Whole milk powder
iv.Skimmilk powder
v.Buttermilk
vi.Yoghurt
vii.Cottage cheese (kesong puti,
mozzarella, hard cheese, etc.)
viii.Ice cream, milk-o-jel, others
The Philippine Dairy
Industry
Sources of Imported Milk
■ Australia, New Zealand, and Netherlands. These provide 99 percent
of our country’s dairy needs.

Philippine Dairy Farming Sector

■ Produces <1% of the country’s milk supply.
■ 72% of provinces are involved, 308 municipalities & 738 barangays.
■ 44% from commercial farms, 34% from dairy cooperatives, 19%
from individual dairy farmers, 3% from institutional/SCU farms.
Government Efforts to
Develop Dairy Industry
– R.A. 7884 = Dairy Development Act of
1995. It integrates all dairy development
programs into NDA (dairying with cattle &
goats).

– DTRI (Dairy Training & Research

Institute) = 1962. It is mandated to conduct
R&D and training on dairying.

– R.A. 7307 = Phil. Carabao Act of

1992; dairying with carabao/buffalo (thru
PCC).
 Breeds of Dairy Cattle
Cattle Holstein- Ayrshire* Brown Guernsey Jersey Milking
Swiss Shorthorn
Friesian
Origin Holland Scotland Switzerland Guernsey Jersey England
Island
Island
Wt, kg 681-1000 545-839 636-908 500-773 500-682 636-908
Color B&W R&W Brown, Fawn, with Gray or Red-roan-
light to dark little white fawn, white;
solid B or R&W; or
W Roan&W
spotted
Yearl 6850 kg 5400 kg 5650 kg 4950 kg 4650 kg 4750 kg
y MY
% Fat 3.7 4.2 4.2 4.9 5.4 3.9
Ancestor Bos primi- Bos Bos Bos Bos Bos
genius longifrons, longifron longifrons longifrons longifrons
B. primi- s
* Produced from Holstein & cattle from English Channel Islands (Guernsey &
genius
Dairy Cattle
Breeds

Australian-Friesian Sahiwal Ayrshire

Dairy Cattle
Breeds

Guernsey Brown Swiss

Dairy Cattle
Breeds

Holstein Jersey
 Dairy Cattle
Breeds
■ From Punjab region
along Indian-Pakistani
border.
■ One of best dairy breeds in
India and Pakistan. Average
of 2270 kg milk per
lactation while suckling a
calf.
■ Tick and parasite-resistant,
heat-tolerant.

Sahiwal Milking Shorthorn

 Breeds of Goats & Their Milk Production
Potential
Breed or CHARACTERISTICS Mature Milk Lactn.
Strain Production
Weigh Period
Kg/d % Fat
t (kg)
(days)

Anglo- Long, drooping ears; Roman 75 1.5 5.6 165

nose; black, tan & white; horned.
Nubian
Toggen Polled; erect ears; choco-brown, 60 1.5 3.81 200
- burg 2 white stripes on face, white legs
Saanen Polled or horned; erect ears; 60 2 4.3 200
straight nose; white.
French Polled or horned; erect ears & 60 1.5 4 200
straight face; multicolored coat.
Alpine
Dadiangas Mix of Native, Nubian,DairySaanen,
Buffalo Breeds:
30 1 4.8 190
Murrah – jetJumnapari,&
black, spiralAlpine;
horn. var. color.
Jafarabadi – black, broad flat horns.
Surti – black to brown, horn coiled down & up. Nili-Ravi – black, small horn.
Dairy Cattle
Reproduction
Bull reproduction
■ Semen volume = 2 – 15 ml; mean of 5-6 ml.
■ Sperm concentration = 1 -3 B/ml; mean 2B/ml.
■ Percent motility = 0-85%; mean of 70%
■ Average ejaculate contains 7 B motile cells
■ Natural service = 50-100 cows/year; AI can serve as high as
10,000- 20,000 cows per year.

Cow reproduction
■ Ova are fertilized at the oviduct, moved into uterine horn 4-6
days after fertilization and implanted in the uterus 30-33 days
after fertilization. The cycle is re-established within 40-50 DAC.
■ Under the control of anterior pituitary:
– FSH & LH – stimulate the development & maturation
of follicles; mature follicles secrete estrogen (heat
signs). LH causes rupture of follicles and
formation/function of CL that secretes progesterone
that prepares uterus to receive the fertilized ova & is
essential in maintaining pregnancy.
 Breeding
AnManagement
ideal dairy herd should have this animal composition (%):
Cows in milk 45.0 • Most common is hand mating.
Dry cows 9.5 “A good bull is cheap at any price
an inferior bull is expensive at
Bulls 0.5 any price”.

Total mature stock 55.0 • First service = 15-18 months.

Heifers (above 10 months)
Young stock (2-10 months)
Calves (less than 2 months)
Total growing stock
24.0
• Duration of lactation is 5-9
13.0 months though adult cows can be
milked for a year. Period between
8.0 lactations is 2 months; Drying
the cow 2 months before her
45.0 next calf.

• Productive period is until 5-6

years old.
 Feeding
Management
Objective is: “to provide rations for optimum milk production of
acceptable composition while promoting heath to the cow”.

A. Fresh forages – primary constituent of most dairy rations at

60-70% of ration DM to supply fiber. Too low dietary fiber
can reduce Milk Fat %.
B. Concentrates – as supplement.

Ideal ration characteristics:

 Ad libitum fresh water.
 CF = 15-19% (early lactation or high-producing); 19-24%
(late lactation or low-producing cows).
 CP = 12-16% (at early lactation); 12-14% (late lactation
or low-producing cows).
 DM intake of 1.5 to 3.6% of BW.
Milk Production
 Peak milk production is reached in 2-6 weeks after parturition and
declines slowly until drying-off.
 Milk secretion declines more rapidly after 5th month of pregnancy than in
non-pregnant cows, as hormones produced in the ovary and uterus interact
with hormones of the pituitary gland that control milk secretion.
 Persistency (degree to which lactation is maintained):

Month Cow A: 90% Cow B: 85% Cow C: 80%

Daily Monthly Daily Monthly Daily Monthly
1 60.0 1800 60.0 1800 60.0 1800
2 70.0 2100 70.0 2100 70.0 2100
3 63.0 1890 59.5 1785 56.0 1680
4 56.7 1701 50.6 1518 44.8 1344
5 51.0 1530 43.0 1290 35.8 1074
6 45.9 1377 36.5 1095 28.6 858
7 41.3 1239 31.0 930 22.9 687
8 37.2 1116 26.4 792 18.3 549
9 33.5 1005 22.4 672 14.6 438
10 30.1 903 19.0 570 11.7 351
Total 14,661 12,552 10,881
 Milk
Production
Length of actual milking:
– Ideal cow, calving annually
= 300 days.
– Average of 1.5-2 hours to
milk 10 cows (by hand
milking); with herringbone
or rotary milking machine,
40 cows in one hour.
– Milking time should be 6-
8 minutes only, based on
oxytocin surge.
– Maintain cleanliness –
wash udder thoroughly,
etc.
PASTURE
PRODUCTION
The Need for
Improved Pasture
■ Feed value of native
vegetation & farm
by- products is low.
Ranch/Extensive Pasture
■ Energy, protein,
vitamins & minerals
from forages are a
lot cheaper than
from concentrates.

Backyard Pasture
Native vegetation & toxic
weeds
C. Native Vegetation

Saccharum spontaneum Talahib Note:

Imperata cylindrica Cogon Low nutritive value;
Themeda triandra Bagokbok low voluntary
Capillipedium parviflorum Misamis grass intake &
Chrysopogon aciculatus Amorseco digestibility.
D. Toxic Weeds

Lantana camara Lantana, Piyo-piyo Note:

Pteridium aquilinum Bracken fern, pako-pako Avoid intake of large
Chromolaena odorata Hagonoy quantities; causes
Mimosa invisa Giant mimosa scouring, etc.
Solanum ferox Wild
Amorphophallus eggplant
campanulatus Pongapong
Need for Both Grasses and
Legumes
 Grasses give higher yields, while legumes give more protein.

Soil Fertility Level Grasses Legumes

(kg green feed/100 m2/year
Low fertility 200-400 100-200
Medium fertility 400-1000 200-300
High fertility 1000-2000 300-600
Contents (per cent)
Protein 5-15 15-25
Nitrogen 0.8-2.4 2.4-4.0
 GRASSE LEGUME
S S

Grasses give more yield of DM, Legumes have less yield but
but limited in protein (7-9% CP). give more protein (18-21% CP).
 Need for Both Grasses and
Legumes
 Legume supplementation at 10-30% of diet can greatly improve
live weight gain.
Gliricidia leaf supplement 0 10 20 30 40 50
(% of diet)
LW gain of young bulls, 110 220 300 360 380 385
grams/day

 Milk production is much higher with higher quality feed (with

legume forage).
Forage type Protein Digest VFI Milk yield
(%) (%) (kg DM/d)
(L/cow/d)
Legumes + grass 12 60 9.5 5
Grass only 8 50 7.5 1
 Need for Both Grasses and
Legumes
 Survival and live weight of young animals improved with legume
supplementation of their mothers.

Legume leaf Lamb Average weight of lambs (kg)

(%) in diets of survival At birth After 15 weeks
ewes (%)

0 33 1.2 5.4
25 75 1.9 9.9
50 75 1.9 10.0
Combination in
Supply:
■ Legume (20-40%)
■ Grasses (60-80%)

Aron dili kaayo magkinahanglan ug “concentrate

supplement”
 Common pasture
grasses
Scientific Name English or Common Name Planting
Materials
A. Grasses
Brachiaria mutica Para grass Stolons/runners
Brachiaria decumbens Signal grass
Brachiaria humidicola Koronivia, Humidicola Rootstock/tillers
Brachiaria ruziziensis Kennedy grass
Panicum maximum Guinea grass Stolons/runners
Digitaria decumbens Pangola grass
Pennisetum purpureum Napier, Elephant grass Rootstock/tillers
Dicanthium aristatum Alabang-X, Angleton grass
Setaria spacelata syn. Golden timothy, Setaria Rootstock/tillers
anceps Johnson grass
Sorghum halepense Star grass Stolons/runners
Cynodon plectostachyus Stem cuttings
Rootstock/tillers

Generally grasses are propagated by vegetative Rootstock/tillers

parts
because seeds of grasses have low germination rate.
Stolons/runners
 Common pasture/forage legumes
B. Legumes
Leucaena leucocephala Ipil-ipil, Leucaena Stem cuttings
Gliricidia sepium (maculata) Madre de cacao, kakawate Stem
Centrocema pubescens Centrocema, Centro cuttings
Calopogonium muconoides Calopogonium, Calopo Generally,
Macroptilium Siratro, Purple bean legumes are
atropurpureum propagated
Pueraria phaseoloides Kudzu, Puero, “cover crop” by “seeds”,
Stylosanthes guianensis Schofield/Cook stylo although
Stylosanthes hamata Verano, Caribbean stylo some by
Stylosanthes humilis Townsville/Lucerne “vegetative
Arachis pintoi Mani-mani parts” also
Desmodium ovalifolium (e.g. stem
Desmodium Renzonii cuttings).
heterophylum Flemingia Stolons/
Desmodium renzonii Desmanthus runners
Flemingia macrophylla
Desmanthus virgatus
Most legumes are propagated by seeds because of higher
germination rate.
Establishing
Pastures
– Done before arrival of animal stock.
– Land preparation – as for corn or rice; 1-2 plowings,
2-3 harrowing.
– Requires a finer seedbed because seeds are small.
– Planting distance for stem cuttings, tillers (75 x 30-50 cm);
stolons and runners are broadcasted then disked; seeds
are drilled along furrows at 2-5 grams per 10-m row.

Sowing Time
– Shortly after onset of rain, while temperature is warm, air
humidity is high & evaporation is reduced (for good
germination & seed survival).
How to establish
forages
How to establish
forages
How to establish
forages
 Managing Improved
Pastures
Fertilization
 Grasses – mainly nitrogenous (urea, ammonium sulfate)
fertilizers (about 400 kg N/ha/year).
 Legumes – mainly phosphatic (P2O5) fertilizers (about 30-50
kg P2O5/ha/year.
 Grass-legume – use phosphatic fertilizers; the legumes will
take care of the N requirement of the grass.
Note:
 Application is done about 2 weeks after cutting or grazing.
 Grazed pastures may not need inorganic fertilizer.
Weed control & under-brushing
Irrigation (especially during
summer)
Managing Improved
Pastures
Age to start harvest:
– 3-6 months after planting (if cut-and-carry); 6-10 months
after planting (if grazing).
Cutting height:
– Varies; no fix rules, e.g. Napier should occasionally be cut close
to the ground to stimulate growth of new tillers from the base.
● Short, stoloniferous legumes = 5-10 cm
● Short grasses = 5-10 cm
● Erect, bushy legumes = 20-30 cm
● Other grasses = 10-30 cm
● Shrub & tree legumes = 50-100 cm
Cutting/grazing interval:
– About 30-40 days (during wet season) or about 40-50 days
(during dry season); depending also on the way of
harvesting.
THE
END
 TERM PAPER. Typewritten in bond paper.

■ Compare between Feedlot and Range systems of beef production, considering:

a) feeding system, b) labor requirement and cost, c) pasture utilization and
carrying capacity.
■ Compare between Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle, and between
crossbreeding and inbreeding schemes in the development of cattle breeds.
■ Compare between quantitative and qualitative genetics, and list the traits in
cattle under each.