What is logic?

Logic is the principles and methods used to distinguish correct from incorrect reasoning. It is
the science of valid inference. It is the rational way of drawing or establishing conclusions. It
is the foundation of all mathematics, science, and reasoning. Logic helps us to identify good
argument and understand why they are good. Similarly, it guides us to identify bad argument
and to understand why they are bad. People use logic in every situation. It is used to solve
problems, troubleshoot, and helps to find mathematical sums. Logic is the way of learning to
think and communicate clearly and coherently. In conclusion, logic is the justification of our
beliefs and the judgments.Example:– The increase in CO2 has caused global climate change.–
Humans are responsible for the increase in CO2.– Humans are responsible for global climate
change.
Arguments

Logic and critical thinking are concerned with arguments. An argument is a collection of propositions,
one of which (the conclusion) is supported by the others (premises). An argument might also be called
an inference or reasoning. An argument is a set of statements connected by a special relationship of
justification; the statements provide evidence for the main claim. Arguments seek to prove a point; to
establish truth of a claim on basis of other claims. An argument presents logical reasons and evidence
to support a viewpoint. The best arguments are ones with true premises that provide the strongest
possible support for their conclusion. The strongest possible support for a conclusion is called validity.
Inductive and Deductive Arguments

  INDUCTIVE - reaches a general conclusion from observed specifics.If we move from

specific premise to general conclusion then it is called inductive argument. It is associated
with informal logic. Example:– The apple is from the cartoon.– The apple is very testy.–
So, the apples in the cartoon are testy.
Kinds of Agreement and Disagreement

In fact, an excessive reliance on emotively charged language can create the appearance of disagreement
between parties who do not differ on the facts at all, and it can just as easily disguise substantive disputes
under a veneer of emotive agreement. Since the degrees of agreement in belief and attitude are independent of
each other, there are four possible combinations at work here:
Agreement in belief and agreement in attitude: There aren't any problems in this instance, since both parties
hold the same positions and have the same feelings about them.Agreement in belief but disagreement in
attitude: This case, if unnoticed, may become the cause of endless (but pointless) shouting between people
whose feelings differ sharply about some fact upon which they are in total agreement.
Disagreement in belief but agreement in attitude: In this situation, parties may never
recognize, much less resolve, their fundamental difference of opinion, since they are lulled by
their shared feelings into supposing themselves allied.Disagreement in belief and
disagreement in attitude: Here the parties have so little in common that communication
between them often breaks down entirely.It is often valuable, then, to recognize the levels of
agreement or disagreement at work in any exchange of views. That won't always resolve the
dispute between two parties, of course, but it will ensure that they don't waste their time on an
inappropriate method of argument or persuasion.
Emotively Neutral LanguageFor our purposes in assessing the validity of deductive
arguments and the reliability of inductive reasoning, it will be most directly helpful to
eliminate emotive meaning entirely whenever we can. Although it isn't always easy to achieve
emotively neutral language in every instance, and the result often lacks the colorful character
of our usual public discourse, it is worth the trouble and insipidity because it makes it much
easier to arrive at a settled understanding of what is true.
In many instances, the informal fallacies we will consider next result from an improper use of
emotionally charged language in the effort to persuade someone to accept a proposition at an
emotional level, without becoming convinced that there are legitimate grounds for believing
it to be true.
  DEDUCTIVE - begins with a major premise and moves toward a more specific
statement or minor premise.If we move from general premises to specific conclusion then
it is called deductive argument. It is associated with formal logic.
– All the apples in this cartoon are testy.
– This apple is from that cartoon.
– So, the apple is testy.