Business Research

METHOD

GROUP MEMBERS
Anam Zafar Hamza Khan Faran Ahmad Abeera Sabir Beenish Sarfraz

Research Process

Theoretical Framework Variables

Variables
A variable is any entity that can take on different values. Example: Production unit; Absenteeism;

Types of variables
The variables are of different types & play different roles as Follow: Dependent Independent Moderate Intervening

Dependent

&

Independent
the independent variable is what you (or nature) manipulates -a treatment or program or cause. also known as the predictor presumed cause antecedent

The dependent variable is what is affected by the independent variable -- your effects or outcomes also known as the unsure variables presumed effect consequent .

Example
Dependent A manger is concerned that the sales f a new product introduced after test marketing it do not meet with the expectations. Independent A successful new product development has an influence on the stock market price of the company.

Moderator

Moderating variables are the variables which strongly effect on relationship of independentvariables and dependent-variables

Intervening
Intervening variable, can alter the results of our research. These variables, however, are much more difficult to control for. Intervening variables include motivation, tiredness, boredom, and any other factor that arises during the course of research. Example

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Theory
Theories are constructed in order to explain, predict and master phenomena (e.g. relationships, events, or the behavior). In many instances we are constructing models of reality. A theory makes generalizations about observations and consists of an interrelated, coherent set of ideas and models.

Theoretical Framework
It is the group of ideas which make the foundation for explaining any phenomena backed up with evidence. A theoretical framework guides your research. make logical sense

Formulating the Theoretical Framework

Purpose: It helps the researcher see clearly the variables of the study; It can provide him with a general framework for data analysis; It is essential in preparing a research proposal using descriptive and experimental methods.

Benefits
The main benefit of a theoretical framework is that it can help a researcher or writer determine problem areas, content considerations, research questions that need to be addressed, and the methodology or way in which the researcher plans to go about finding an answer to the research question.

Steps
Variables should be clearly identified Relation between two or more variables Type of relationship Existence of relationship Schematic diagram

EXAMPLE: Delta Airlines

Delta airlines faced charges of airsafety violations. One accident that resulted in 137 deaths in 1987.
Four Factors:
Poor communication among cockpit crew Poor coordination b/w ground staff & cockpit crew Minimal training Management philosophy that encouraged a decentralized structure

Hypothesis

Definition
According to Eric M. Roger:"Hypotheses are single unsure guesses--good hunches--assumed for use in devising theory or planning experiment, intended to be given a direct experimental test when possible."

Cont
Another definition of hypothesis is:.A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in your study.

Requirements
A scientific hypothesis must meet two requirements:1) Hypothesis must be testable. 2) Hypothesis must be falsifiable.

Testable
Often the requirement that the scientific hypothesis must be testable phrased as: A scientific hypothesis must generate the predictions

Prediction
A scientific prediction is not something going to happen, but rather something that is happening right now, but no one has ever noticed

EXAMPLE
Consider this hypothesis "Our universe is surrounded by another, larger universe, with which we can have absolutely no contact."

Falsifiable
A scientific hypothesis must be testable, but there is a much stronger requirement that a testable hypothesis must meet before it can really be considered scientific and is called "falsifiability".

EXAMPLE
Consider this hypothesis: "There are other inhabited planets in the universe.

Cont
This hypothesis is testable, but it is not a scientific hypothesis. Here's why. Hypothesis may be either correct or wrong. If it is correct, there are several ways that its correctness can be proven, including

Cont
1)A space probe sent from earth to explore the universe sends back the news that it has discovered an inhabited planet. 2)Radio telescopes on earth begin to receive signals from somewhere in the Andromeda Galaxy

Need of Hypothesis
Hypothesis is based on some form of evidence & not prove in this statement. For example: If the Earth is round (which you won't try and prove), then you can orbit it (which you will try and prove.)

Cont
A hypothesis makes a specific
prediction about a specified set of circumstances.

Hypothesis supports the research to

find and answer to a problem

Format of Hypothesis
a question, "Does temperature affect fermentation?" a conditional statement, "Temperature may affect fermentation." an If, then statement, "If fermentation rate is related to temperature, then increasing the temperature will increase gas production.

EXAMPLE
Not all "if-then" statements are hypotheses. For example, "If you warm yeast, then more gas will be produced." This is a simple prediction, not a hypothesis! The problem with this statement is that there is no proposition to test. What is related to what? Is temperature a variable? Is yeast a variable? I s gas production a variable?

Types of Hypothesis

Directional

& Non directional

This is the hypothesis which specify the direction of the predicted relationship that whether it will be positive or negative

This is the hypothesis which don't specify whether the predicted relationship ill be positive or negative

Null

&

Alternative

The hypothesis being tested is referred to as the null hypothesis Example: We buy a pen and its is 10 rs ad we sold it in 10 rs then we have no profit on it.

The alternative hypothesis presents the alternative to the null Example: Buy a pen at price 10 rs & sold it at 12 rs then we have profit on it.

 include a statement of equality Example: motivation level of men = motivation level of women

includes a statement of inequality Example: motivation level women > motivation level of men

Other Types Of Hypothesis

1)Casual: A causal relationship is when one variable causes a change in another variable. Example: if the sales increase profit decrease.

Relational
A study that investigates the connection between two or more variables is considered relational. Example: the interaction b/w sales and profit

Steps
The 4 steps common to all tests of significance: 1. State the null hypothesis H0 and the alternative hypothesis Ha. 2. Calculate the value of the test statistic. 3. Draw a picture of what Ha looks like 4. State your conclusion about the data in a sentence, to a significance level for your evidence.

Benefits of Hypothesis
Hypotheses provide the following benefits: determine the focus state the purpose determine about variables

THANK YOU..!