UNDERSTANDING WORK, ENERGY, POWER AND EFFICIENCY.

WORK
In everyday lives, the work refers to almost any kind of physical or mental activity. In science, work is done only when a force produce motion. Work is done when you walk to school,as does a crane when it lift a load.

 No, work is done when a force is applied but no displacement occurs. This happens when a students pushes as hard as he can against a stationary wall. There is no work also when there is no force acting on it. Ex : satellite moves at a constant velocity in space.

 Work is define as the product of applied force and the distance moves in the direction of the force.
WORK= FORCE x DISTANCE MOVED IN THE DIRECTION OF THE FORCE.

 If a force F that acts on an object to moves through a distance s in the direction of the force, then the work done W is given by:
force

W =F x S

distance

 Unit SI for work is joule (J) or Nm. If the direction of the force that act on an object is different from the direction of the motion, the work done is the product of the component of the force in the direction of motion and the distance moved.
WORK DONE = COMPONENT OF THE FORCE IN THE DIRECTION OF THE MOTION x DISTANCE MOVED.

EXAMPLE 1

 Force F = weight of the bag = mg = 12 x 10 = 120 N Work, W = F x s = 120 x 1.5 = 180 J.

Example 2
A student drag a 60 kg bag at a constant speed along a horizontal surface through a distance 3m. The students does this by exerting a force 0f 50N along a rope which makes an angle of 400 with the horizontal as shown. Find the work done by the student.

 Component of the force in the direction of motion = 50 cos 400 = 50 x 0.766 = 38.3 N

Work done = 38.3 x 3 = 114.9 J

ENERGY
Energy is normally described as something that enables useful work to be done. Energy is can be defined as the capacity to do work. Unit SI is Joule J

 Energy has many different form and can be convert from one to another. Ex ; electrical motor convert electrical energy to kinetic energy. Work is done when the energy is converted from one to another.

KINETIC ENERGY
Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion. Any object which is moving has kinetik energy. To accelerate an object of mass m from a state of rest until it achieves a velocity v, a net force F needs to be applied.

 The work done by the force in accelerating the object is converted into kinetic energy, Ek, of the object. Thus the kinetic energy of an object of mass m moving with a velocity v is given by

Ek =

2 mv

Example 1

The velocity of a 3kg trolley is increased from 10ms-1 to 16ms-1 over a distance of 10 m. find a) the change in the kinetic energy of the trolley b) the force that acts on the trolley.

 a) change in the kinetic energy = mv2 mu2 =( x 3 x 162 ) ( x 3 x 102 ) = 384 150 = 234 J

b) W=Fxs F = W/s = 234 / 10 = 23.4 N

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
The principle of conservation of energy states that energy can be transferred from one to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. This means, the total amount of the energy is always remain the same.

Please do the work example in page 62.

POWER
Power is defined as the rate at which work is done , or the amount of work done per second. Unit Si is Watt (W)

POWER = WORK DONE / TIME TAKEN.

EFFICIENCY
The efficiency of a device is defined as the percentage of the energy input is transform into useful energy.
EFFICIENCY = USEFUL ENERGY INPUT X 100 % ENERGY INPUT

DO THE MASTERY PRACTICE 2.10 PAGE 65

2.3 UNDERSTANDIN G ELASTICITY

Elasticity.
An elastic material recovers its original shape and size after it has been stretched, compressed or bent.