Data Communication and IT Enabled Services

A N K Prasanna Anjaneyulu

Contents
Introduction y Software Functions y Software Categories y Data Processing y Data Transmission y Computer Network y IT Enabled Services
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Introduction
Set of Instructions Routine y Complete set of instructions Program y Instructions that direct the operation of the hardware Software
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Software Functions
Manage the Computer Resources of organization y Provide tools for human beings to take advantage of these resources y Act as an intermediary between organizations and stored information
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Software Categories
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System Software
Operating System Language Translations Utility Programs Communication Software

Application Software

Data Processing
Data & Information y Data Sequence
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Bit - Byte Character Field Record Block File Database

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Data processing
Read, sort, collate, compare, store etc.

Transaction Processing

Data Processing Modes

Batch processing y On-Line Processing System
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Verification of Data immediately but processing may be later

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On-Line Real-time Processing System

Verification of Data and processing is immediate

Distributed Processing

Other Processing Modes

Time Sharing y Multi Programming y Multi processing
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Data Transmission
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Data Communication consists of Data processing and data transmission

Transmitter Converter at Transmitting end Transmission Channel/ Carrier Converter at the receiving End Receiver

Transmission Signals
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Analog Signal
Amplitude (Strength of Signal) Phase (Direction of flow of the signal in a cycle time) Frequency (no. of times the wave form is repeated during a specific interval)

Digital Signal

Communication Channels
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Physical Connection Lines

Twisted pair of copper wires Coaxial Cables Optical Fibre

Micro Wave Lines

Line of Sight Radio / Wireless transmission waves Satellite

Characteristics of Communication Lines

Transmission speed y Bandwidth y Transmission Modes
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Synchronous Asynchronou
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Transmission Direction
Simplex Half-Duplex Duplex

Communication Processor
Frond End Processors Concentrator Controller Multiplexer Telecommunication Software

Computer Network
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A Computer Network consists of two or more autonomous computers that are linked/connected together in order to
Share Resources Share Applications Allows Electronic Communication Increase Productivity

Data Communication
Communication means sharing of Information. It may be Local or Remote Communication y Data Communication is the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium y Data Communication made up of five components
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Message Sender Receiver Medium Protocol

x Syntax x Semantics x Timing

Classification of Networks
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Categories of Networks
Local Area Network (LAN) Metro Area Network (MAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) internet

Networks can be classified based on transmission technology

Broadcast Network / Multi Point
x Packet Radio Network x Satellite Network x LAN

Point-to-Point

Network Topology
Topology refers to the shape of a network or networks layout y Types of Topologies
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Bus Topology Star Topology Ring Topology Tree Topology Mesh Topology Cellular Topology

Topologies Bus Topology

In Bus Topology all devices are connected to a central cable, called bus. y Each workstation connects to next workstation in a point-to-point fashion y Advantages
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Installation is easy Less cabling required Connections are simple

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Disadvantages
Used only in small networks Single fault in cable stops all transmission Fault Identification is difficult

Topologies - Star Topology

Star Topology uses a central hub through which, all computers are connected. y Nodes communicate across the network by passing data through the hub. y Advantages
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Faults in the networks can be easily traced Single computer failure does not affect network Installation and configuration is easy
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Disadvantages
Failure in the central hub brings entire network to a halt More cabling is required in comparison to tree or bus topology because each node is connected to the central hub

Topologies Ring Topology

In Ring Topology all devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop y Advantages
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Easy to install and modify the network Fault isolation is simplified

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Disadvantages
Adding or removing computers disrupts the entire network A break in the ring can stop the transmission in the entire network Expensive when compared to other topologies Finding fault is difficult

Topologies Tree Topology

Tree topology is a LAN topology in which only one route exists between any two nodes in the network. y Tree topology is hybrid topology, similar to the star topology but the nodes are connected to secondary hub y Advantages
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Installation and configuration is easy Faults in the network can be detected and traced Addition of secondary hub allows more devices to be attached to the central hub
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Disadvantages
Failure in the central hub brings the entire network to a halt

Topologies Mesh Topology

Devices are connected with many redundant interconnections between network nodes. y Advantages
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Use of dedicated links eliminates traffic problems Failure in one of the computers does not affect the entire network Privacy between computers is maintained as messages travel along dedicated path
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Disadvantages
The amount of cabling required is high A large no. of I/O ports are required

Applications of Networks
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Marketing and Sales Financial Services Manufacturing Electronic Messaging Directory Services Information Services Electronic Interchange Teleconferencing Cellular Phones Cable Television

IT Enabled Services
Business Process Outsourcing & Mgmt. y Call Centres y Medical Transcription y Legal Databases (Judicial System) y Digital Content Development y Geographic/Global Information System (GIS)
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