FUNCTIONS OF THE

BRAIN

ICU TRAINING PROGRAMME GROUP 5 GRNERAL HOSPITAL KANDY

FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRUM

1.

2.

3.

Mental activities involved in memory, intelligence, sense of responsibility, thinking, reasoning, moral sense and learning are attributed to the higher centers. Sensory perception, including the perception of pain, temperature, touch, sight, hearing, taste and smell. Initiation and control of voluntary muscle contraction.

FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE CEREBRUM

FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE CEREBRUM

The largest part of the brain. Functional areas- Motor areas Sensory areas other areas- basal nuclie, thalamus, hypothalamus

FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE CEREBRUM

Complex movement motor area Main motor area Main sensory area Proprioception sensory area Sensory areas Association areas
C ln x v n M P r e c n a A S y o tlC m ra a H g iA fy u u s iM t S p e h c s p o m h e r d y V

Visual association area Higher functions association area Visual sensory area

Speech association area Smell sensory area

Motor areas

Auditory sensory area

Visual and auditory association area

Comprehension association area

MOTOR AREAS ..
Motor area Premotor area Motor speech area Frontal area

MOTOR AREA
y y y

Lies in the frontal lobe immediately anterior to the central sulcus. The nerve cells are pyramid-shaped and initiate the contraction of voluntary muscles. A nerve fibres from a Betzs cells pass downwards and cross in the medulla oblongata. Then pass to the spinal cord. Through the synapse and 2nd neuron stimulate the muscle fibres.

MOTOR AREAS
PRE MOTOR AREAS
In

the frontal lobe, immediately anterior to the motor area. cells are thought to exert a controlling influence over the motor area, ensuring an orderly series of movements. E.g. Tying lace, writing

The

MOTOR AREAS
MOTOR SPEECH AREA

Call

as Brocas area.

Lies

in the lower part of the motor area and just above the lateral sulcus. the movement which necessary to

Control

speech.

MOTOR AREAS THE FRONTAL AREA

Extend

anteriorly from the pre motor area.

More

highly developed human then animals.

Responsible for

the behaviors, characters, and emotional status.

MOTOR AND SENSORY AREAS

Complex movement motor area Main motor area Main sensory area Proprioception sensory area Sensory areas Association areas Visual sensory area

Visual association area Higher functions association area

C ln x v n M P r e c n a A S y o tlC m ra a H g iA fy u u s iM t S p e h c s p o m h e r d y V

Speech association area Smell sensory area

Motor areas

Auditory sensory area

Visual and auditory association area

Comprehension association area

SENSORY AREAS OF THE CEREBRUM

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

The post central area The parietal area The sensory speech area The auditory area The olfactory area The taste area The visual area

THE MOTOR TRACT

SENSORY AREAS
1.Post central area The area behind the central sulcus.

The sensory area of the right hemisphere receives impulses from lift side of the body. Here sensation of pain, temperature, pressure and touch, knowledge of muscular movement and the position of joints are perceived.

SENSORY AREA.
2. Parietal area

Behi the st centr l rea and incl des reater art f the arietal l be. Believed t be ass ciated with btaining and retaining acc rate knowledge of the ast experience.

SENSORY AREAS..
3. Sensory speech area

Lower part of the parietal lobe and extend to the temporal lobe The spoken words are perceived

SENSORY AREAS..
4. Auditory area

Immediately below lateral sulcus and within the temporal lobe. Impulses are transmitted by auditory nerve.

SENSORY AREAS..
5. Olfactory area

Lies deep with in the temporal lobe. Impulses are from the nose via the olfactory nerve.

SENSORY AREAS..
6. Tastes area

Lie just above the lateral sulcus in the deep layer of the sensory area. Impulses from the taste buds in the tongue and in the lining of the cheeks, palate and pharynx.

SENSORY AREAS..
7. The visual area
Lies

behind the parieto- occipital sulcus and includes the great part of the occipital lobe. Optic nerves pass impulses from the eye to this area which receives and interprets the impulses as visual impressions.

The

OTHER AREAS
Basal

nuclei  Gray matter area  Lying in deep within the cerebral hemispheres.  Influence skeletal muscle tone.  If control is inadequate or absent, muscle movements are jerky, clumsy, uncoordinated.

OTHER AREAS..
Thalamus

The thalamus consist of two masses of nerve cells and fibres situated within the cerebral hemispheres just bellow the corpus callosum. sensory input from the skin, viscera and special senses organs is transmitted to the thalamus before redistribution to the cerebrum.

OTHER AREAS

Hypothalamus

is composed of a number of groups of nerve cells.  Situated below and in front of the thalamus, immediately above the pituitary gland.
 Hypothalamus

Maintenance of homeostasis
     

Control of utonomic nervous system Control of hunger and thirsty Control of body temperature Control of emotional reactions Control of sexual behaviors Biological clock or circadian rhythm

FUNCTION OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA

Situated between the pons varolii and the spinal cord. Shape like a pyramid with base upward. Vital centers: 1. Cardiac Centre 2. Respiratory Centre 3. asomotor Centre 4. Reflex Centres vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing.

1. CARDIAC CENTRE  Control the rate and force of cardiac contraction  Originate the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nerve fibres 2. RESPIRATORY CENTRE  Control the rate and depth of the respiration  Nerve impulses are pass to the phrenic and intercostals nerve which stimulate contraction of diaphragm and

3. VASOMOTOR CENTRE  Control the diameter of the blood vessels (specially the small arteries and arterioles which have a long proportion of smooth muscle fibres in their wall)  Nerve impulses are reach to the blood vessels through the autonomic nervous system.  The sources of stimulations are baroreceptors, body temperature, and

OTHER SPECIAL FEATURES

Decusstion of the pyramids- In the medulla motor nerves descending from the motor area from the cerebrum to the spinal cord in the pyramidal tracts cross from one side to the other. these tracts are the main pathway for impulses to voluntary muscles. Sensory decusstion- Some of the sensory nerves ascending to the cerebrum from the spinal cord cross from one side to other side in the medulla.

CEREBRUM

FUNCTIONS OF CEREBELLUM
Coordination of voluntary muscle movement, posture and balance. Cerebellar activity are carried out below the level of consciousness. The cerebellum controls and coordinate the movement of various groups of muscles. Damage to the cerebellum results in clumsy uncoordinated muscular movement, inability to carry out smooth steady, precise movement.

THANK YOU ..