PENYAKIT UNGGAS PPDH-lesi Makros

1
PENYAKIT UNGGAS
PPDH
2009
• PENYAKIT VIRUS
• 1. INFEKTIOUS BRONCHITIS ( IB )
• 2. INFEKTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS ( ILT )
• 3. MAREKS DISEASES
• 4. GUMBORO
• 5. AVIAN INFLUENZA
• 6. POX
• 7. NEW CASTLE DISEASE ( ND )
• 8. Gomboro/bursitis
2
AVIAN INFLUENZA ( AI )
Clinical Sign: depression, fever, ecchymoses

(comb, wattles)
Etiology: Avian Influenza
Species: chicken (Gallus gallus)
AI viruses are classified into two general types based on their pathogenicity for
chickens: Low Pathogenic (LP) and Highly Pathogenic (HP) types.
AI is caused by viruses that are members of the family Orthomyxoviridae,
Clinical Sign: Depression;

Ecchymoses (comb, wattles).
3
Morphologic Diagnosis
Skin (comb, wattles): Severe
acute edema and hemorrhage.
Skin (face): Severe edema.
Clinical Description
This image was taken 3 days
post experimental inoculation
with highly pathogenic avian
influenza. Detailed view of the
squaring of the head over the
left eye.
Pathologic Description
The subcutanous tissue of the
comb, wattles and face is
Clinical Sign: Edema
extremely swollen. The swelling
and hemorrhages
of the face gives the head a
(comb, wattles);
square appearance. There are
Edema (face).
large dark purple areas on both
the comb and wattles.
4
Morphologic
Diagnosis
Leg
(subcutaneous
tissue) (upper
bird): Severe
diffuse acute
hemorrhage.
Leg
(subcutaneous
tissue) (lower
bird): Moderate
acute locally
extensive
hemorrhage.
5
• Pathologic Description
• These two legs are from two different birds.
• The lower leg shows a large area of hemorrhage
over the intertarsal joint.
• In the upper leg, there is more extensive
hemorrhage over the intertarsal joint, the skin
overlying the tarsometatarsus, and digital and
metatarsal pad.
Akhir 2003 / 2004 : bentuk subakut klasik, cyanosis di mana-2, haemorrhagic

dibeberapa organ ( edema dan haemorrhagic ).
-Menyerang alat respirasi ( trachea – paru-2.)
-2006 , menyerang organ reproduksi ( bentuk subakut) H5N1 ---- mutasi
6
Skin: Severe acute locally extensive hemorrhage
This image was taken 3 days post experimental inoculation with highly pathogenic
avian influenza. Detailed view of the leg showing hemorrhages on lateral aspect
of the shank.
The skin of the lateral tarsometatarsus contains large, linear red to purple lesion.7
Cloaca: Severe acute diffuse
mucosal hemorrhage and edema.
This image was taken 2 days post
experimental inoculation with highly
pathogenic avian influenza. In highly
pathogenic avian influenza, the virus
has wide spread tissue tropism,
resulting in the inflammation and
necrosis of many different tissues and
organs. In this chicken, there are
severe hemorrhages and necrosis of
the cloaca.
The vent is dilated, revealing the dark
red, swollen cloacal mucosa. The lack
of feathers around the vent is due to
normal molting.
8
Haemorrhage in the small intestine, between two dark coloured ceca.
9
Tissue: pancreas
Etiology: Avian Influenza
Pancreas: Acute multifocal to coalescing
hemorrhage
pathogenic avian influenza. There are
extensive petechiae on the pancreas.
The surface of the pancreas is covered by
numerous pinpoint red foci which coalesce
to form multiple, larger, poorly defined red
plaques.
10
Pancreas: Mild acute multifocal
hemorrhage with diffuse edema
pathogenic avian influenza. An
enlarged firm pancreas is
occasionally observed in HPAI.
Hemorrhagic lesions may be
commonly observed on the
pancreas, as in many other organs.
The pancreas is swollen and bulges
from its position between the loops
of the duodenum. There are
individual punctate, sometimes
coalescing, red foci throughout the
pancreatic parenchyma. These foci
are particularly prominent near the
edges of the pancreas, adjacent to
the duodenum.
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•NEW CASTLE DISEASE ( ND )
Clinical Sign:
Torticollis (head
and neck)
Etiology:
Newcastle Disease
Species: chicken
(Gallus gallus)
12
13
Ayam broiler muda terkena tetelo.
14
DISEASE PROFILE
Historically, strains of NDV have been grouped into

five pathotypes or forms, based on the clinical
signs seen in infected chickens.
These have been defined as:
15
Viscerotropic velogenic: a highly pathogenic form in
which hemorrhagic intestinal lesions are
frequently seen
Neurotropic velogenic: a form that presents with high
mortality, usually following respiratory and
nervous signs
Mesogenic: a form that presents with respiratory signs,
occasional nervous signs, but low mortality
Lentogenic or respiratory: a form that presents with
mild or subclinical respiratory infection
Asymptomatic enteric: a form that usually consists of a
subclinical enteric infection."
16
Tissue: ileum
Etiology: Newcastle Disease
Morphologic Diagnosis Species: chicken (Gallus gallus)
Brain: within normal limits
Clinical Description Clinical Description
A normal section of brain is This image was taken 5 days post
shown here for comparison. experimental inoculation with
Pathologic Description viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle
This section of brain is within disease virus. There is a small ulcer
normal limits. with mild hemorrhages in the mucosa
of the ileum. In Newcastle disease,
such hemorrhages and accompanying 17
necrosis can occur anywhere
18
New Castle disease
Morphologic Diagnosis (NCD).
Conjunctiva: Severe acute conjunctivitis
with hemorrhage Morfologi diagnosis :
Swelling of the lower
Pathologic Description eyelid and conjunctivitis
The conjunctiva is diffusely red and
swollen.
19
Tissue: cecal tonsil
lClinical Description
In viscerotropic velogenic NDV, hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions in the
intestines tend to be concentrated in areas with lymphoid tissue, such as
the cecal tonsils. 20
Zoo Med 2008: Poultry Medicine (2008)
Authors: Robyn Gwen Alders, BVSc, Ph.D., Richard Jakowski, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Color KeyImportant key words or phrases.Important concepts or main ideas. OCW Zoological
Medicine 2008
Poultry Medicine (2008)
R. Alders, DVM / R. Jakowski, DVM
Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University 21
(This lecture will be updated in the near future.)
Clinical
Description
The cecal tonsils
have been opened,
revealing extensive
hemorrhages and
ulcers in the
mucosa.
22
23
Tissue: cecal tonsil
In NDV, hemorrhagic lesions can also be distributed along the entire length of
the intestinal mucosa.
These lesions appear to be the result of necrosis of the intestinal wall caused
by viral replication.
24
lClinical Description
This image was taken 5 days post experimental inoculation with
viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease. There are hemorrhages,
necrosis, and ulcerations of the cecal tonsil.
25
•INFEKTIOUS BRONCHITIS ( IB )
Clinical Sign:
dyspnea,
gasping
Etiology:
Infectious
Bronchitis
Species:
chicken (Gallus
gallus)
26
In layers, egg production may drop by up to 50% and eggs
may be soft-shelled (fragile) and misshapen, as seen here.
27
Penurunan prod. 50%, bentuk telur tdk teratur, kulit rapuh, telur tidak
seragam.
Putih telur jernih sekali, agak encer, kuning telur keruh/ gelap (kiri).
Mortalitas rendah, tinggi bila ada penimbunan asam urat di ginjal.
28
IB. Swollen kidneys and ureters containing urolith deposits (uric acid
crystals
29
30
IB is characterised primarily by respiratory signs. Infection with IBV may also
lead to kidney problems (nephritis) and problems with egg production and egg
quality in laying and breeder hens.
Other closely related avian coronaviruses can also infect game birds and
turkeys. For example, in pheasants kidney damage and respiratory problems
may be observed. In turkeys the virus can be a cause of intestinal problems.
31
32
In the nephropathogenic strain of
infectious bronchitis virus, the kidneys
may become swollen and pale, as seen
here.
Swollen kidneys with severe

accumulation of white urates.
03/06/23 33
In the nephropathogenic strain of
infectious bronchitis virus, the kidneys
may become swollen and pale, as seen
here.
Swollen kidneys with severe

accumulation of white urates.
03/06/23 34
The collecting tubules of these kidneys
are also distended with white urates.
Embrio dari sebelah kiri menunjukkan

stunting dan pengerdilan, yang dihasilkan
dari inokulasi pada embrio dgn virus
infectious bronchitis.
Amnion dan allantois biasanya menebal ,
embrio menempel (sebelah kiri).
Embrio normal sebelah kanan.
03/06/23 35
Some chickens infected with IB variant D388 (QX) show a
penguin like stance with a pendulous abdomen.
 Perut membesar
(“mirip asites”)
 Berjalan seperti
penguin
03/06/23 36
Kasus dari :
Laboratorium Patologi
Balai Besar Veteriner Wates Yogyakarta
Januari 2013.
03/06/23 37
Hewan sudah mendapatkan vaksinasi vaksin ND (lasota)-IB (mass, QX,
4/91) killed dan - NDIB live tiap 5 minggu.
Strain Lohman dan Hy Line

Berbagai umur yaitu 27- 41 minggu.
03/06/23 38
Temuan Bedah bangkai
 Hewan memiliki perut yang sangat membesar,
 Otot dada dan paha terlihat agak mengalami
perubahan atrofi.
 Terdapat kista melekat pada dinding perut dan mengisi
keseluruhan rongga perut.
 Dinding kista sangat tipis.
 Kista pada oviduk kanan,ukuran 2,5 cm - 10 cm,
 Kista berisi cairan encer yang bening agak
kekuningan, sebanyak kurang lebih 400-600 ml
 Ovarium: terlihat beberapa folikel masak dan
mengalami atrofi
03/06/23 39
Temuan Bedah bangkai...lanjutan
03/06/23 40
03/06/23 41
Timbunan cairan di dalam oviduk bagian kanan

(hydro-salphynx)
03/06/23 42
Terima kasih
T.S Gesit Tjahyowati
Laboratorium Patologi
Balai Besar Veteriner Wates Yogyakarta
03/06/23 43
. Dilatation and fluid accumulation in the
oviduct (arrowed) of a chick infected with the
Hungarian QX-like strain of IBV at 28 dpi.
Fluid filled oviducts in a bird

infected with IB D388
http://www.infectious-bronchitis.c
om/cystic-oviducts.asp
03/06/23 44
45
ILT (Infectious Laryngotracheitis )
Clinical Sign: expectoration

Etiology: Infectious
Laryngotracheitis
Species: chicken (Gallus
gallus)
In severe epizootic forms of
laryngotracheitis infection,
expectoration of bloody mucus
may occur, as seen here.
46
• Etiology
• Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly
contagious upper respiratory infection caused by
the infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV).
• The virus belongs to the Herpesviridae family
and is in the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae.
• Mild to severe enzootics of the disease have
been observed.
47
In some cases, casts of haemorrhagic or fibrinous exudate are formed
that could almost completely obturate the larynx and the trachea.
Source of the infection are sick and convalescent birds, the latter
being prolonged carriers of the virus (up to 1 - 2 years). With this
regard, a certain stationarity is observed.
48
Haemorrhagic laryngotracheitis. The morbidity rate of LT reaches 50-
70% and the death rate: 10-20%. Often, it goes on as a complicated
infection after the involvement of E. coli, St. aureus, M. gallisepticum
etc.
49
• Cara nafas :
• Wkt ambil nafas leher menjulur keatas, wkt
mengeluarkan nafas ayam duduk
• Hsl nekropsi : eksudat dalam trachea
• Perakut : sumbatan dalam “ laryngotrachea “,
dengan bentuk nekrose radang suppuratif dalam
trachea, dlm conjungtiva mungkin ditemukan
inklusion body intranuklear.
50
In the conjunctival form of LT, wet eyes, tear secretion and oedema of
infraorbital sinuses are observed, especially in a complicated infection.
The typical clinical and morphological signs are sufficient to assume
the presence of LT. The diagnosis is confirmed with the detection of
intranuclear inclusion bodies in the trachea throughout
51
Clinical Sign: Conjunctivitis, swelling (periorbital
region, infraorbital sinuses)
52
Gumboro / Bursitis
The dead bodies are dehydrated, often with haemorrhages in the

pectoral, thigh and abdominal muscles.
53
The incubation period is short and the first symptoms appear 2-3
days after infection. The lesions in the bursa of Fabricius are
progressive. In the beginning, the bursa is enlarged, oedematous and 54
covered with a gelatinous transudate.
IBD virus has a lymphocidic effect and the most severe injuries are in
the lymph follicles of the bursa of Fabricius. Most commonly, IBD
begins as a serous bursitis.
55
IBD lesions undergo various stages of serous haemorrhagic to
severe haemorrhagic inflammation.
56
57
Fowl Pox (FP, Pox, Avian Pox)
Sangat contagious, mematikan bila sudah masuk tongga mulut.
Cutaneous form
Low mortality
Lack of flock vigour and weight loss
A mild to moderate loss in egg production
Scabby lesions on the head, neck and unfeathered parts of the
skin
Diphtheric form
Mortality low to moderate
Difficult breathing
Nasal and ocular discharge
58
Cutaneous lesions
Papules are light coloured nodules.
Vesicles and pustules are raised and
commonly yellow.
Diphtheric lesions
Buff to yellow plaques on mucous membranes
in the mouth oesophagus and upper
respiratory tract
Occlusion of trachea, and death due to
asphyxiation
Histopathology shows characteristic

intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Bollinger
59
bodies) in the infected epithelium.
.Fowl pox (FP) is a viral disease in hens, turkeys and many other
birds, characterized by cutaneous lesions on the feather-less skin
and/or diphtheritic lesions of mucous coats of the upper alimentary
and respiratory tract. FP is encountered in either cutaneous or
diphtheritic form or in both. In most outbreaks, the cutaneous form
is prevailing. The lesions vary FP is encountered in either cutaneous or
diphtheritic form or in both. In most outbreaks, the cutaneous form is
prevailing. the stage of development: papules, vesicles, pustules or
crusts. The lesions are usually in the region of the head. 60
Diphtheritic lesions look like whitish or yellowish plaques that are
deposited and grown on the mucous coats of the buccal and nasal
cavities, the sinuses, the larynx, the pharynx, the trachea or the
oesophagus (arrows). The diagnosis is made upon the typical
cutaneous and diphtheritic lesions. The prevention is performed by
vaccinations that could be made at any age, if necessary.
61
FP. Cutaneous form (dry pox). Face lesions in young turkey.
62
Clinical Sign: nodules
and scabs (combs,
wattles, head)
Skin (unfeathered):
Multifocal hyperplastic and
ulcerative dermatitis.
This image shows the dry
form of avian pox with
cutaneous hyperplastic
lesions of the face, wattles,
and comb. The formation of
scabs is typical in this form
of Avian Pox.
63
• Pathologic Description
• The unfeathered portions of the skin are covered
by multiple, well-demarcated, raised, nodular
masses. Many of the masses are covered by
layers of dry, tan, flaky tissue.
• Some of the lesions are rimmed by reddened
skin and some are covered by red scabs. The
masses impinge on the nare, eye, and
commissure of the beak.
64
Skin, leg: Severe multifocal to locally extensive nodular follicular epidermal
hyperplasia with dermatitis
The skin and leg are disrupted by multiple well-demarcated raised round
nodules. At the distal aspect of the leg, these nodules coalesce to form a
confluent, raised, irregularly-shaped, brown scab. Because the individual lesions
are regular in shape, size, and distribution, it is likely that they correspond to a
normal anatomic structure. In this case, they correspond to the feather follicles.
65
Skin (head): Moderate multifocal to
coalescing hyperplasia with
hyperkeratosis and ulceration.
In the later stages of the dry form of
Avian Pox, shown here, the cutaneous
lesions on the wattles and comb have
progressed into vesicles, exhibiting
thick, rough, brown scabs. Some of the
lesions have coalesced.
The unfeathered skin of the head is
covered by numerous, randomly
arranged, well-demarcated, slightly
raised plaques of brown, rough tissue.
In areas, these plaques coalesce to
form large lesions. A few of the plaques
are covered by scabs.
66
FP. Diphtheric form (wet pox). Caseous lesions in the mouth and throat of
a chicken.
67
Morphologic
Diagnosis
Oral cavity:
Severe
multifocal to
coalescing
mucosal
hyperplasia.
Eye (lid): Focal

proliferative
blepharitis.
The oral cavity of the bird is covered by multiple, well-demarcated, raised, slightly
granular yellow plaques. 68
Neoplastic Diseases in Poultry
VIRUS-INDUCED NEOPLASTIC DISEASES

MAREK'S DISEASE
69
It is characterized by a gradual Clinically, pale comb and wattles,
beginning, persistent low mortality sometimes swelling of the abdomen
in the flock and diffuse or focal because of the highly enlarged liver are
neoplastic growths of lymphoblasts observed. Diffuse or nodular neoplastic
in viscera. The neoplastic changes growths could be detected in many
begin always from the bursa of organs, but they are more common in
Fabricius, where various-sized the liver, the spleen, the kidneys, the
lymphomas are detected heart and the ovary.
(transverse section through neo-
plastically grown bursa -fixed
preparation).
70
.Focal neoplastic lesions in kidneys. .Diffuse and focal tumour lesions in the
LL is caused by viruses of the L/S heart. The replication of the virus occurs
group classified in 10 subgroups: A, in albumin secreting glands of the
B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I and J. The oviduct. The transmission of the
viruses from subgroup A are most infection is performed vertically by egg
prevalent and most frequently albumin from one generation to another.
associated with LL. Hens, rarely The role of cocks is not important for the
turkeys, pheasants and quails are congenital infection of the progeny.
susceptible. They are only virus carriers and source
of venereal infection for other birds.
71
72
the bursa of Fabricius, a
characteristic intrafollicular
hyper¬plasia is observed.
73
The picture of an imprint preparation from neoplastic
lesions shows a layer of single-type lymphoblast cells. LL
and MD are hard to be distinguished: in both, lymphoid
tumours are present in the same visceral organs, the
appearance at the same age is possible, and the visceral
lesions could not be differentiated macro-scopically,
except in a careful microscopic examination by an
experienced pathologist.
74
LYMPHOID LEUKOSIS
Usually, it is not seen in birds younger than 14 weeks.
The lethal issues occur mostly at the age between 24 and 40 weeks.
Distinct nodular tumours.
Tumours in the bursa of Fabricius.
MAREK'S DISEASE
Could be observed after the age of 4 weeks too.
The peak mortality is seen between the 10th and the 20th week,
sometimes continues after the 20th week.
Paralysis.
"Grey eye".
In some birds, the bursa of Fabricius is atrophied, in others: neoplastic.
75
Lymphoid leucosis
 Lymphoid leucosis is a B cell tumour which

starts in the bursa and, before sexual
maturity, may spread to other organs
 Antemortem findings :
 The disease occurs in 14 – 30 weeks old birds.
 Pale, shrivelled comb and loss of appetite
 Dehydration and emaciation
 Diarrhoea, green scant faeces
 Enlarged liver, bursa of Fabricius and kidneys
 Distended abdomen due to enlarged liver
 Reduced egg production
76
Leucosis limfoid adalah tumor sel B yang dimulai di bursa dan,
sebelum kematangan seksual, dapat menyebar ke organ lain
Antemortem temuan:
Penyakit ini terjadi pada 14-30 minggu burung tua.
Pale sisir, keriput dan hilangnya nafsu makan
Dehidrasi dan kekurusan
Diare, sedikit kotoran hijau
Pembesaran hati, bursa Fabricius dari dan ginjal
Karena pembesaran hati buncit perut
Mengurangi produksi telur
77
Postmortem findings :
Grey tumour lesions4 in the liver (Fig. 198), spleen and bursa
Other organs such as lung, heart, proventriculus, gonads,
bone marrow and mesentery are sometimes affected.
Ecchymotic haemorrhages around the skin follicles of the wing
Postmortem temuan:
Abu-abu tumor lesions4 dalam hati (Gambar 198), limpa dan bursa
Organ lain seperti paru-paru, jantung, proventrikulus, gonad, sumsum tulang
dan mesenterium kadang-kadang terpengaruh.
Ecchymotic pendarahan sekitar folikel kulit sayap
78
Avian leucosis complex. Diffuse nodular lesions in the liver,
spleen, intestine and heart.
79
It is characterized by a gradual beginning, persistent low
mortality in the flock and diffuse or focal neoplastic
growths of lymphoblasts in viscera. The neoplastic
changes begin always from the bursa of Fabricius,
where various-sized lymphomas are detected
(transverse section through neo-plastically grown bursa -
fixed preparation).
Diseases of Poultry
By: Ivan Dinev. DVM.PhD
http://www.thepoultrysite.com/publications/6/diseases-of-poultry/202/lym
phoid-leukosis
80
Clinically, pale comb and wattles, sometimes swelling of the abdomen because
of the highly enlarged liver are observed. Diffuse or nodular neoplastic growths
could be detected in many organs, but they are more common in the liver, the
spleen, the kidneys, the heart and the ovary.
Secara klinis, sisir pucat dan pial, kadang-kadang pembengkakan perut karena
hati yang sangat membesar diamati. Pertumbuhan neoplastik difus atau nodular
dapat dideteksi pada banyak organ, tetapi mereka lebih sering terjadi pada hati,
limpa, ginjal, jantung, dan ovarium. 81
Spontaneous rupture of the neoplastically
grown spleen, leading to extensive loss of
blood. LL is widely distributed worldwide in
countries with developed industrial poultry
breeding. It is usually observed in birds at
the age of 16 weeks and older.
.Focal neoplastic lesions in kidneys. LL is

caused by viruses of the L/S group
classified in 10 subgroups: A, B, C, D, E,
F, G, H, I and J. The viruses from
subgroup A are most prevalent and most
frequently associated with LL. Hens,
rarely turkeys, pheasants and quails are
susceptible.
82
Diffuse and focal tumour lesions
in the heart. The replication of the Neoplastically transformed ovary in LL. In
virus occurs in albumin secreting some instances, the horizontal infection is
glands of the oviduct. The also possible but only in chickens in the
transmission of the infection is first few days after hatching, usually via
performed vertically by egg vaccines contaminated with ALSV. The
albumin from one generation to lethal issues are observed for 56 months
another. The role of cocks is not after the LL outbreak and amount to 5 -
important for the congenital 15%.
infection of the progeny. They are
only virus carriers and source of 83
venereal infection for other birds.
Histologically, growth of single type lymphoblast cells with marked
pyroninophilia is observed.
84
The picture of an imprint preparation from
the bursa of Fabricius, a characteristic neoplastic lesions shows a layer of
intrafollicular hyper¬plasia is observed. single-type lymphoblast cells. LL and MD
are hard to be distinguished: in both,
lymphoid tumours are present in the
same visceral organs, the appearance at
the same age is possible, and the visceral
lesions could not be differentiated macro-
scopically, except in a careful microscopic
examination by an experienced 85
pathologist.
FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS, THE
FOLLOWING FEATURES DESERVE A SPECIAL EMPHASIS:
LYMPHOID LEUKOSIS
Usually, it is not seen in birds younger than 14 weeks.

The lethal issues occur mostly at the age between 24 and
40 weeks.
Distinct nodular tumours.
Tumours in the bursa of Fabricius.
MAREK'S DISEASE
Could be observed after the age of 4 weeks too.

The peak mortality is seen between the 10th and the 20th
week, sometimes continues after the 20th week.
Paralysis.
"Grey eye".
In some birds, the bursa of Fabricius is atrophied, in
others: neoplastic.
86
LYMPHOID LEUKOSIS
Biasanya, hal ini tidak terlihat pada burung yang lebih
muda dari 14 minggu.
Isu-isu mematikan terjadi terutama pada usia antara 24
dan 40 minggu.
Berbeda nodular tumor.
Tumor di bursa Fabricius dari.
Bisa diamati setelah usia 4 minggu juga.

Angka kematian puncak terlihat antara 10 dan minggu
ke-20, kadang-kadang berlanjut setelah minggu ke-20.
MAREK'S DISEASE
Kelumpuhan.
"Grey mata".
Dalam beberapa burung, bursa Fabricius dari yang
atrophia, di lain: neoplastik.
87
http://www.thepoultrysite.com/publications/6/diseases-of-poultry/202/
lymphoid-leukosis
88
Marek's pada unggas disebabkan oleh Virus herpes onkogenik. Kejadian dan
kepentingan ekonomis penyakit marek tersebar luas diseluruh dunia dan
menyerang ayam pada umur 5-35 minggu. penyakit ini disebabkan oleh galur virus
yang sangat patogenik (vvMD) yang bertanggung jawab terhadap wabah akut
dengan angka kematian hingga 50%, terutama pada ayam tertular dan tidak
dikebalkan hingga umur 60 minggu. Virus penyakit marek bertanggung jawab
terhadap pembentukan tumor syaraf (neural) dan organ dalam (viseral). Agennya
bersifat imunosupresif dan ayam-ayam yang terkena penyakit ini peka terhadap
berbagai infeksi virus dan bakteri.
Penularan virus marek terjadi secara horizontal. Virus ini tahan terhadap
pengaruh lingkungan dan dapat bertahan hidup sangat lama didalam kandang,
terutama apabila pembersihan kandang (dekontaminasi) setiap siklus produksi
tidak dilaksanakan
ayam-ayam yang terinfeksi akan melepaskan debu dari bulu yang tercemar virus
dan disebarkan oleh angin, peralatan dan petugas kandang (Anonim1., 2008).
Penularan virus marek terjadi secara horizontal. Virus ini tahan terhadap
pengaruh lingkungan dan dapat bertahan hidup sangat lama didalam kandang,
terutama apabila pembersihan kandang (dekontaminasi) setiap siklus produksi
tidak dilaksanakan 89
ayam-ayam yang terinfeksi akan melepaskan debu dari bulu yang tercemar virus
3. Histopathology and Cytology Associated with Neoplastic Diseases
MAREK’S DISEASE
Symmetrical neoplastic foci of pleomorphic cells, liver, hen. H/E, Bar =

50 µm. 90
Histopathology and Cytology of
Poultry Diseases
By Ivan Dinev, DVM, PhD
Acute (visceral) form, liver, hen. Lymphomatous lesions, mainly consisting

of lymphoblasts, and small to medium-sized lymphocytes. Among the
proliferate, single plasmatic and reticular cells are outlined. H/E, Bar = 10
µm
91
Marek’s disease, pullet, touch imprint preparation of a liver crosssection.
Lymphoid cells of a various size: lymphoblasts and lymphocytes. Diff Quik,
Bar = 10 µm.
92
Muscle tumour, Marek’s disease. Focal pleomorphic cell proliferation. H/E, Bar =
35 µm.
93
Diffuse pleomorphic cell proliferation in the myocardium, resulting in atrophy of
myofibrils. H/E, Bar = 35 µm.
94
Poultry Diseases
95
Intertubular, pleomorphic cell
Diffuse pleomorphic cell proliferation
proliferation, testis, cock. H/E,
in the proventriculus mucous coat
Bar = 30 µm
(arrow), hen. Compression and
atrophy of glandular acini. H/E, Bar =
40 µm.
96
Peripheral nerve, B-type lesion
Peripheral nerve. A-type lesion
(mostly inflammatory type).
(neoplastic type), marked lymphoid
Interneuritic inflammatory oedema
cell proliferation, absence of oedema.
and slight to moderate proliferation of
H/E, Bar = 25 µm.
lymphocytes and plasmatic cells,
rarely lymphoblasts. The mild version
of B-type lesions is called C-type.
H/E, Bar = 25 µm.
97
Equal-sized lymphoblast cells. Liver, lymphoid leukosis, hen.
Touch imprint preparation, liver. Diff Focal growth of lymphoblasts,
Quik, Bar = 10 µm. single lymphocytes, resulting
in atrophy of the parenchyma.
H/E, Bar = 25 µm.
98
99
100
.The neurotropic form of the disease is clinically manifested by ataxia,
opisthotonus, torticolis, paresis and paralysis of legs. This form is
frequently accompanied by respiratory symptoms. Histo-pathologically,
the picture of nonpurulent lymphocytic encephalomyelitis is observed.
101
The lesions of paramyxovirosis in pigeons are entirely identical.
On the basis of the history and the clinico-morphological signs, a
tentative diagnosis could be made, but its laboratory confirmation
is mandatory. ND should be distinguished by avian influenza,
fowl cholera etc.
102
103
Poultry Diseases
3. Histopathology and Cytology Associated with Neoplastic Diseases
LYMPHOID LEUKOSIS
The neoplastic changes begin

always from B. Fabricii, where
intrafollicular lymphomas (lim) of a
various size are observed. H/E,
Bar = 50 µm.
104
105
Acute (visceral) form.It is characterized by diffuse or nodular
lymphomatous lesions in various viscera (liver, spleen, heart,
kidneys, lungs, gonads, proventriculus, pancreas etc.), the
skeletal muscles and the skin. MD affects mainly hens, and is
rarely observed in turkeys. It is most commonly encoun¬tered in
birds at the age of 89 weeks and in layer hens. The cases at the
age of 16-20 and 24-30 weeks are pre¬dominant. MD is prevalent
all around the world and in fact, all flocks are exposed to the
effect of the aetiological factor.
106
Akut (visceral) form.It ditandai dengan lesi difus atau nodular limfomatous di
visera berbagai (hati, limpa, jantung, ginjal, paru-paru, gonad,
proventrikulus, pankreas dll), otot rangka dan kulit. MD mempengaruhi
terutama ayam, dan jarang diamati pada kalkun. Hal ini paling sering
encoun ¬ yang terdaftar pada burung pada usia 89 minggu dan ayam layer.
Kasus-kasus pada usia 16-20 dan 24-30 minggu pra ¬ dominan. MD adalah
lazim di seluruh dunia dan pada kenyataannya, semua ternak yang terkena
efek dari faktor etiologi.
107
Diffuse lymphomatous growths in the Bilateral enlargement of kidneys
heart, resulting in its transformation because of a diffuse lymphoid cell
into an amorphous tumourous mass. proliferation.
108
.Neoplastically modified
right lung in MD Typical cauliflower-like appearance of
the ovary, distinctive for MD.
109
Diffuse neoplastic growths affecting
Marked asymmetry of testes on a the pancreas
cock following unilateral lymphoid
cell proliferation.
110
The manifold enlarged proventriculus with the shape of a round bottom flask
(288) result of diffuse neoplastic growth and the severely narrowed lumen
(289) are a typical finding in MD. The causative agent of MD is a type B cell
associated herpesvirus (MDV). There are three MDV serotypes. The isolates
of serotype 1 are widely distributed among hens and vary from highly virulent
(w+) oncogenic to almost avirulent strains. The serotype 2 is common for
hens and is not oncogenic. The isolates of serotype 3, known also as turkey
herpesviruses (HVT) are naturally occurring in turkeys and are non-
oncogenic. The three serotypes possess a significant cross reactivity.
111
Multicentric MD tumours (arrows) prominating or seen through the
superficial and deep pectoral muscles.
112
Chronic (classical) form. It is ecountered as neural type (fowl paralysis) or
ocular type (ocular lymphomatosis). Clinically, the neural for is manifested
with paralysis of limbs.
.Transient paralysis. They are observed in
chickens and hens, especially non-vaccinated
against MD. Most cases present the classical
form manifested by flaccid paralysis of the
neck and legs for 143 days followed by
complete recovery. The syndrome has to be
differentiated from the neural form of MD on
the basis of its transient nature and the flaccid,
but not spastic paralysis. 113
Pathoanatomically, unilateral or bilateral
thickening of affected nerves, mainly
diffuse and at a various extent, is The ocular form is
observed. characterized with iris
depigmentation,
deformation of the pupil,
sometimes opacity of the
cornea and blindness.
114
Histologically, pleiomorphic lymphoid cell proliferations in affected viscera,
nerves or eyes are observed. The Marek's disease is probable provided
that at least one of the next conditions is present: peripheral nerves
augmentation, depigmentation of the iris or irregularly-shaped pupil;
lymphoid tumours in various organs in birds younger than 16 weeks;
presence of visceral tumours in birds at the age of 16 weeks and older; 115
simultaneous lack of alterations in the bursa of Fabricius.
.Lymphoid cell proliferations in the iris and
the ciliary muscles in the ocular form of
MD. Three classes of viruses are able to
Microscopical view of lesions in a
protect fowl from MD: attenuated serotype
peripheral nerve consequent to MD.
1 of MDV-cell associated vaccines; HVT
could be used for preparation of cell-free
lyophilized vaccines; naturally apatho-
genic isolates of serotype 2 cell
associated vaccines. The vaccines against
MD provide over 90% protection. HVT
gives excellent results but in case of
failure, a bivalent vaccine could be used.
116
Marek's Disease
Tissue: spinal cord

Etiology: Marek's
Disease
The dorsal root ganglia from
bird with Marek's disease may
be enlarged, but examination
requires careful dissection of
the spinal cord and its nerve
trunks.
117
118
119
Etiology: Marek's Disease
Species: Unknown
A large number of tumors in the
pancreas of a bird infected with
Marek's disease.
120
Etiology
Marek's disease (MD) is a transmissible neoplastic
disease, primarily affecting chickens.
The disease is caused by a cell-associated herpesvirus,

containing double-stranded DNA.
There are three serotypes of MDV but oncogenicity is only

associated with serotype 1 MDVs.
Within this serotype however, there are many strains of

MDV, whose pathogenicity varies widely.
Subsequently, clinical signs in infected chickens vary from

asymptomatic infection to neurologic disease, skin
disease, and ocular lesions.
121
Clinical Sign:
paralysis (legs),
dyspnea
The most common form of Marekâ€™s disease is the lymphoproliferative
syndrome, wherein mononuclear infiltrates develop in peripheral nerves and
organs. The clinical signs associated with this condition are non-specific and relate
to the location of the lesions. A variety of neurologic signs can develop including
spastic paralysis of the limbs, exhibited here. This chicken is also gasping, a sign
associated with the paralysis of the respiratory and digestive systems. 122
Paresis and paralysis are usually

asymmetrical, reflecting the
asymmetrical peripheral nerve
involvement of Marekâ€™s disease.
This clinical sign often manifests
itself with the bird stretching one leg
forward and one leg backward, as
seen here.
Clinical Sign: opisthotonus

In Marek's disease, opisthotonus
(backwards extension of the head and
neck), torticollis (lateral twisting of the
head and neck), and other nervous
signs are sometimes observed.
123
Clinical Sign: Torticollis (head and
neck)
Neurologic signs in Marek's
disease may include torticollis,
shown here.
Clinical Sign: paralysis

In Marek's disease, transient paralysis can
occur and is caused by temporary
vasculitis and edema in the brain. The
condition typically persists for 1-2 days,
after which time the chickens will
experience a rapid and total recovery.
Later, infected chickens may develop MD
lymphomas with clinical signs reflecting
124
tissue involvement.
Clinical Sign: nodules and ulcers (skin)
In Marek's disease, affected feather follicles can become roughened
and develop ulcers.
These ulcers may develop secondary infections, exacerbated by the

immunosuppressive nature of Marekâ€™s disease.
125
In some cases of Marek's
disease, large
subcutaneous lymphomas
may be observed
throughout the body
(shown here in the leg on
the left). A normal leg is
shown on the right for
comparison.
126
Tissue: skin
Detailed view of the lymphoproliferative skin lesions associated with
Marekâ€™s disease. 127
Splenomegaly with lymphomatous
lesions caused by Marek's disease. 128
Clinical Description Tissue: liver, lungs, spleen
Lymphomas can develop on virtually any organ. Etiology: Marek's Disease
Here the liver, lungs, and spleen all show white Species: chicken (Gallus
Marekâ€™s lesions. gallus)
129
Marek's disease tumors in the liver.
Alternatively, organ infiltrates can
be more diffuse, as seen in this
spleen from a bird infected with
Marek's disease.
130
Tissue: ovary
Species: Unknown
Marek's disease tumors in the ovary.
Marek's disease tumors in the ovary.
131
In Marek's disease, as the nodules on
organs enlarge, as shown on this kidney
and ovary, the normal architecture of the
organ is destroyed and sometimes areas
of tissue necrosis can occur.
132
Ocular lesions, sometimes
associated with Marek's
disease, is usually due to
lymphoid infiltration of iris that
causes white discoloration.
The pupil is often irregular (as
shown here) and does not
respond to changes of light. A
normal eye is on the left.
Marek's disease tumors
distributed throughout the entire
gastrointestinal tract.
133
Table 3: Differential diagnosis between lymphoid leucosis and Marek's disease
Feature Lymphoid leucosis Marek's diseases
Age of onset 16 weeks 4–6 weeks or older
Symptoms Absent Frequently paralysis or paresis
Incidence Seldom above 5 % Usually above 5 %
Gross Lesions
Peripheral nerve enlargement Absent Usually present
Bursa of Fabricius Nodular tumours Diffuse enlargement or atrophy
Skin, muscle or Usually absent May be present
proventriculus tumours
Microscopic Lesions
Peripheral nerve infiltration Absent Present
Cuffing in white matter of Absent Present
cerebellum
Tumour in the liver Focal or diffuse Frequently perivascular
Bursa of Fabricius Intra-follicular tumour Inter-follicular tumours or atrophy
Follicular patterns of lymphoid cells infiltration in the
Absent Present
skin
Pleomorphic mature and immature cells including
Cytology Uniform lymphoblasts lymphoblast, small medium and large lymphocytes and
reticulum cells.
134
Lymphoid Leukosis
Mareks Diseases
135
MYELOCYTOMATOSIS
136
MC is caused by viral staings of ALSVs from sungroups A,B and J (Mc29, MC31,
Cm11, OK10, HRPS 103, and ADOL HC1). It is encountered relatively
infrequently. Its occurrence is sporadic or enzootic. Suceptible birds and hens,
pheasents, guinea hens and quails. In most cases, the liver is enlarged, thick and
mottled with dark red sports or fat like nodules.
137
MC is caused by viral strains of ALSVs from subgroups A, B and J
(MC29, MC31, CMII, OK10, HRPS 103, and ADOL HC1). It is
encountered relatively infrequently. Its occurrence is sporadic or
enzootic. Susceptible birds are hens, pheasants, guinea hens and
quails. In most cases, the liver is enlarged, thick and mottled with dark
red spots or fat-like nodules.
138
Sclerotic changes in the liver are
The spleen is usually enlarged, but
possible because of regression of
sometimes, could be atrophied.
neoplastic lesions.
139
A characteristic feature of MC is Mixed mesenchymal tumour
its simultaneous course with (osteochondrosarcoma) to the frontal skull
tumours from a different type: bones: a sagittal cross section
mesenchymal, epithelial or
mixed. The picture shows a
fibrosarcoma to the gizzard
associated with MC.
140
.Leiomyosarcoma of the
Multiple rabdomyosarcoma in pectoral,
mucous coat on the oviduct.
thigh, abdominal and tracheal muscles.
141
Pendulating multiple myxoma of the
Pendulation harmangio-sarcoma of
small intestine's serous coat.
the ileal serosa.
MC-associated cystadenocarcinoma of the

kidney in a hen.
142
Nephroblastoma of the left
Nephroblastoma -the surface of a cross
kidney, occupying a significant
section. The tumour is a pendulating
part of the abdominal cavity.
mass attached to the kidney by a fibrous
vascularized stem that has undergone a
partial necrosis and haemorrhages
Granulosa cell tumour of the ovary. The

tumour appears as a single, compact,
dorsoventrally flattened growth.
143
.MC-associated multiple
carcino¬sarcoma of the mesentery
and alimentary tract's serous coat
(disseminated milliary nodules).
MC-associated carcinosarcomas in the region of

the right infraorbital sinus.
144
Gross appearance of the tumour from Fig.
328 after removal of the covering skin.
Histologically, myelocytomatomas
are easily distinguished. Most
commonly, they have perivascular
localization. Growth of myelocytes
with well-formed granules in a liver
cross-section.
145
MC-associated neoplasms of
Kidney.Focal intertubular myelocytic epithelial, mesenchymal or mixed
pro¬liferations. type demonstrate the respective type
of histological structure.
Leiomyosarcoma a histological view.
Polygonal giant cells with
hyperchromatic nuclei.
146
Leiomyosarcoma - small intestine.
Leiomyosarcoma - small intestime. Extraordinary („monstrous")
Prolongations of polynuclear symplastic multinuclear giant cell with
elements. intracytoplasmic vacuoles.
147
Carcinosarcoma of the pancreas.
Rabdomyosarcoma. An area with Tubulous glandular epithelial formations
multiple hyperchromatic giant cells. of the carcinoma component among the
liposarcoma part of the parenchyma.
The diagnosis is based upon the entity
of data about the history, the gross
appearance and location of the tumours
and the specific histo¬logical lesions.
From a differential diagnostic point of
view, myelo¬blastosis and
erythroblastosis should be considered.
148
149
.Viral arthritis/tenosynovitis. The most frequent reovirus-
associated disease in poultry is viral arthritis. Clinically it is
manifested by lameness and swellings affecting primarily
tarsometatarsal joints and the feet. Many infected birds are in a
good general condition, but some could be lethargic and
exhausted. The mortality is very low. The infections affect
predominantly meat type poultry.
150
some cases, joint cavities or tendon sheaths
contain a small amount of straw-yellow exudate
whereas in other the exudate is haemorrhagic or
fibrinous. 151
Fibrinous tenosynovitis. The inflammation of the tendon
progresses to a chronic type lesion characterized by tissue
fibrosis in the affected area. The aetiological agent is a reovirus,
member of the Orthoreovirus genus, Reoviridae family. Several
serotypes are identified. For their identification, the agar gel
precipitation test could be used. Reoviruses are highly resistant
to a number of environmental factors (temperature, pH etc.).
152
Stunting syndrome in broilers. The stunting syndrome in broilers is
associated with a reovirus infection but according to some studies,
the role of the reovirus is probably secondary. It is characterized by
a considerably reduced live weight in affected birds and a various
degree of ununiformity in the flock varying from 5-10% to 40-50%,
usually seen after the age of 14 days.
153
The growing primary wing feathers are abnormally big
for chickens with retarded growth, they protrude at
various angles, so the disease is termed ..helicopter
disease". One-day old chickens are the most
susceptible to the infection. 154
.Usually, a high-degree atrophy of the pancreas is observed.
Reoviruses are shed with faeces and could contaminate the egg
shells. The transmission of the infection to susceptible chickens is
realized horizontally. The vertical route of transmission is also
proved. Reoviruses could persist in infected birds for more than 40
weeks.
155
The small intestine is pale, dilated and contain indigested forage. The
tentative diagnosis of viral arthritis and stunting syndrome could be
made on the basis of symptoms and lesions. The detection of reovirus
antibodies via ELISA supports the diagnosis. Viral arthritis should be
differentiated from M. synov/ae-induced, staphylococcal arthrites and
the spontaneous rupture of the tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle.
The vaccination of broiler breeder flocks with live or inactivated
vaccines protects one-day-old chicks. Infected birds should be
removed from the premises. The iodine disinfectants are considered
effective for inactivation of agents. 156
157
158
159
Coccidiosis
Coccidiosis is a major disease problem in commercial

poultry and the most common cause of enteritis.
At least nine species have been described in chicken.

The most important of these are E. acervulina, E.
brunetti, E. maxima, E. necatrix and E. tenella.
160
Coccidiosis is a common protozoan The area around the vent is stained with
disease in domestic birds and other blood. The infection is realized by a
fowl, characterized by enteritis and faecal-oral route. After ingestion of
bloody diarrhoea. The intestinal tract sporulated (infective) oocysts,
is affected, with the exception of the sporozoites are released that enter
renal coccidiosis in geese. Clinically, asexual and sexual cycles of
bloody faeces, ruffled feathers, development resulting in the emergence
anaemia, reduced head size and of thousands of new oocysts in the
somnolence are observed. intestines. Oocysts are distributed by
faeces. Soon, they sporulate and
become infective for chickens.
161
The intestinal lesions provoked by coccidia, Anaemic appearance of internal
are due to injury of the epithelial cells of the organs. The wet litter and the heat
mucous coat where the parasites are in premises favour of the
developed and multiplied. The oocysts exist in sporulation and therefore, the
the litter in premises and are distributed by outbreak of coccidiosis.
clothes, shoes, dust, insects etc.
Pathoanatomically, dehydration and a high
degree of anaemia of the body and viscera
are discovered.
162
.Depending on the localization of lesions in intestines, the
coccidioses are divided into caecal, induced by E. tenella, and
small intestinal, induced by E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima,
E. mitis, E. mivati, E. necatrix, E. praecox and E. nagani. In
caecal coccidiosis, a marked typhlitis is present and
haemorrhages are seen through the intestinal wall.
163
The caeca are filled with fresh or later stage, the caecal content
clotted blood. becomes thicker, mixed with fibrinous
exudate and acquires a cheese like
appearance.
164
In small intestinal coccidioses, depending on the eimeria species,
haemorrhages with various intensities in different parts along the intestine
are observed. In many instances, the haemorrhages are petchial and could
be seen through the intestinal wall.
165
Sometimes, a reation of the
intestinal lymphoid tissue is The content is mixed with fresh or clotted
present. blood, and the mucous coat is mottled with
multiple petechial or larger haemorrhages.
166
Histologically, Eimeria organisms at a various stage of
development are detected in the epithelial intestinal cells. The
diagnosis is made upon the results of the complex evaluation of
the clinical picture, the macroscopic lesions, imprint preparations,
histological study and flotation. Coccidioses should be
differentiated from NE, UE and histomonosis (typhlohepatitis).
Treatment - sulfonamides are widely used: sulfadimethoxine,
sulfaquinoxaline, I sulfamethazine, but they should not I be used in
layer hens. The supplementation I of vitamins A and K promotes
the recovery. 167
The microscopic examination of a native
preparation of intestinal content or superficial
mucosal layer reveals a significant number of
oocysts in one observation field. Prevention.
The use of coccidiostatics with forages on a
rotation basis is the most extensively used
means. The immunization against coccidiosis
with commercial vaccines is used in broiler
breeder flocks. If the chickens are exposed to
the natural effect of a moderate number of
oocysts in their environment, they develop
immunity to the respective parasitic species
168
Coccidiosis. Haemorrhage in the ceca characteristic of E.
tenella infection
169
Intestinal distention, mucoid blood filled exudate and white
spots noted on the serosa with E. necatrix infection
Differential diagnosis (on postmortem) : Necrotic enteritis, ulcerative

enteritis, salmonellosis, ascariasis, capillariasis, haemorrhagic disease,
leucosis, blackhead, bluecomb and haemorrhagic enteritis in turkeys
170
171
Bakterial disease
Clinical Sign: conjunctivits, infraborbital

sinusitis
Etiology: Infectious Coryza
Eye, infraorbital sinus, and nasal cavity: Severe acute catarrhal and
suppurative conjunctivitis, sinusitis, and cellulitis
The severity of Infectious Coryza (Avibacterium paragallinarum) depends
on age, breed, environmental stress, and the presence of concurrent
infection. In young adult chickens, the severe form of the disease often
occurs. Here, the characteristic signs of facial swelling, eyelids that are
swollen closed, and nasal discharge can be seen.
The head area, ocular tissue, and wattles are significantly swollen and there
is a thick brown discharge from the eye and nares. 172
Etiology
Infectious coryza (IC) is a respiratory disease primarily affecting
chickens and occasionally pheasants and guinea-fowl. The disease is
caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum, a gram-negative nonmotile
bacterium.
Post-mortem Lesions
On post-mortem examination, gross lesions may be found on the mucous

membranes of the nasal passages, sinuses, and ocular conjunctiva. Findings
may include inflammation and catarrhal lesions. Subcutaneous edema may be
found in the face, wattles, and intermandibular region. Rarely, pneumonia and
airsacculitis may be present.
173
Infraorbital sinus: Catarrhal and
suppurative sinusitis
The conjunctivae may have inflammation
and catarrhal lesions, as shown here.
The skin of the head of this chicken has
been removed to reveal the lumen of the
infraorbital sinus. The sinus is filled by a
large amount of thick yellow slightly
mucoid material.
Eye: Severe fibrinosuppurative conjunctivitis
Ocular involvement may be very severe, with
the eyelids swollen closed and copious
amounts of suppurative discharge present.
Rarely, lower respiratory lesions such as
pneumonia and airsacculitis may be found.
Pathologic Description 174
The eye is completely covered by a thick
“Air sac disease” and Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD)
Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) refers to respiratory

infection of the upper respiratory tract of chicken
caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum.
This agent affects turkeys more severely and causes
infectious sinusitis.
In turkeys, Mycoplasma gallisepticum
often produces a more severe infection
than in chickens. Here, a turkey is
exhibiting characteristic severe swelling
of the infraorbital sinuses. The
combination of sinusitis and
conjunctivitis may become so severe
that the bird cannot open its eyes. This
sign is not commonly observed in 175
chickens.
In Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections,
the fibrinous inflammation surrounding
the heart, lungs, and liver may become
so extensive that it extends into the
surrounding coelomic cavity. In the MG
infected bird on the bottom of this
photo, the inner breast muscle covering
the heart and lungs is covered in fibrin.
In Mycoplasma gallisepticum
infections, fibrinous or fibrinopurulent
pericarditis and perihepatitis may also
be found on post-mortem exam, as
seen here.
176
In Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections,
fibrinous airsacculitis, with accumulations of
caseous exudate, may also be observed on
the air sacs, as seen here. This is a common
sequelae of MG infection when it becomes
complicated with E. coli and will result in
high condemnations at processing plants.
Normal air sacs are completely transparent.
However, this picture shows a mild post-
vaccine reaction to Mycoplasma that could
be present in healthy birds.
177
Severe airsacculitis with abundant
foam and aggregates of caseous
exudate.
178
Chronic Respiratory Disease. Cloudy appearance of the abdominal
airsacs in this 7 week old chicken
179
E. coli
Pericarditis and perihepatitis in an eight week old chicken. E. coli was isolated
from both lesions.
180
Mycotoxin
• Mycotoxins (Mycotoxicosis)
• Etiology
• Mycotoxicosis is a general term that applies to a broad range of
clinical syndromes, caused by the ingestion of feed
contaminated with toxic metabolites produced by several
species of fungi commonly found in grain.
• The severity of the disease condition varies with the
concentration of toxin ingested. There are many types of
mycotoxins recognized.
• However, the ones most commonly associated with disease in
poultry include aflatoxins (produced by Aspergillus flavus,
Aspergillus parasiticus and Penicillium puberulum), fusarium
toxins (produced by Fusarium spp.) and ochratoxins (primarily
produced by Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium
viridicatum).
181
Definition:
A disease Caused by numbers of Fungi belong to genus
Aspergillus affected mainly on Respiratory system and
many visceral organs.
Cause:
Aspergillus Fumigatus (The most common one)
Aspergillus Flavus
Aspergillus Glacus
Aspergillus Condidus
182
Susceptibility:
Brooder stage in chicks,quail and pigeon duck
Adult birds occasionally
Mode of Transmission:
Micro organisms in soil,vegetative matter,feed grain or air flow

enviroment
The increase in Moisture in feed is suitable to micro organisms growth
183
Mycotoxicosis adalah istilah umum yang berlaku untuk berbagai
sindrom klinis, yang disebabkan oleh konsumsi pakan yang
terkontaminasi dengan metabolit toksik yang dihasilkan oleh beberapa
spesies jamur yang biasa ditemukan dalam biji-bijian.
Tingkat keparahan dari kondisi penyakit bervariasi dengan konsentrasi

racun tertelan. Ada banyak jenis mikotoksin diakui.
Namun, yang paling sering dikaitkan dengan penyakit pada unggas
termasuk aflatoksin (diproduksi oleh Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus
parasiticus dan Penicillium puberulum), racun fusarium (Fusarium spp
diproduksi oleh.) Dan ochratoxins (terutama dihasilkan oleh Aspergillus
dan Penicillium ochraceus viridicatum).
184
Tissue: esophagus
Etiology: Mycotoxins
This image shows erosions in the proximal esophagus caused by
exposure to T-2 toxin, a mycotoxin.
185
Clinical Description Clinical Description
Fusarium toxicity may also produce a variety On post-mortem examination,
of digestive abnormalities. The gizzard Fusarium toxins may be
(ventriculus) may be thickened and have a associated with acute and chronic
roughened lining. Additionally, the digestive disease. Here, the
proventriculus and gizzard may also have gizzard (ventriculus) has been
ulcers, as seen in the 2 organs in the middle opened, revealing a deep ulcer
and right of this photo. The gizzard on the left that has extended into the
is normal and is shown for comparison. underlying mucosa. 186
Clinical Description On post-mortem examination,
In mycotoxicosis, the ingestion of fungal aflatoxicosis may produce lesions
toxins in feed may be associated with liver in the liver. In acute cases, the
abnormalities on post-mortem examination. liver may be enlarged, pale, and
In aflatoxicosis, the liver may be enlarged, friable (shown here). In chronic
pale, and friable, as shown here. In more cases, the liver may be small,
chronic cases, the liver may become small, firm, nodular and the gallbladder
firm, and nodular and the gallbladder may may be distended . Additionally,
become distended. Additionally, hemorrhages may be present on
hemorrhages may also be observed. the liver. 187
Trush - Candida albicans
Ulcerative proventriculitis with scaly

Focal necrosis in the liver - condition - taken from a severe case of
taken from a severe case of candidiasis of the digestive tract, in 7
candidiasis of the digestive weeks old turkey flock. This case was
tract, in 7 weeks old turkey probably associated with other debilitating
flock. This case was conditions.
probably associated with
other debilitating conditions. 188
Colonies of candida albicans in
Ulcerative proventriculitis with scaly the bone marrow - taken from a
condition - taken from a severe case of severe case of candidiasis of
candidiasis of the digestive tract, in 7 the digestive tract, in 7 weeks
weeks old turkey flock. This case was old turkey flock. This case was
probably associated with other debilitating probably associated with other
conditions debilitating conditions
189
Culture of Candida albicans on
Sabouraud agar. Crop - whitish
pseudemembraneous material
covering the crop surface.
190
Multiple nudules in the liver of
3 weeks old poult, due to
aspergillosis.
191
Bird Kestral (due to Mycobacterial species; common in birds
and fish). Hepatitis granulomatous
192
Salmonellosis
• Salmonellosis is responsible for significant losses
to the poultry industry.
• Salmonella infections in this Manual include
pullorum disease, fowl typhoid, arizona infection
and paratyphoid.
• Pullorum disease occurs in chicken and turkeys
and is caused by Salmonella pullorum. The
greatest losses are in chicken less than 4 weeks old
Salmonella pullorum
Menyebbkan : berak kapur ( alat digesti)
Sering menyerang sendi ( sinoviae)…… dd : mycoplasma
Atrofi calon telur ( membetuk long stalks ) 193
Pullorum disease. Multiple grey nodules in the heart
194
Fowl typhoid
The causative agent is Salmonella gallinarum. It is seen
more often in adult birds. Antemortem signs of fowl
typhoid and pullorum disease are similar in birds.
Enlarged, bronzed liver and enlarged spleen in a turkey
Enlarged kidneys
Pale cadaver
Inflammation of the anterior part of the intestine
195
Fowl typhoid. Enlarged, bronzed to the mahogany colour liver and
enlarged, mottled and brittle spleen in a turkey Diseased liver and spleen
are shown in contrast to the normal ones at left.
Hati kehijauan ( “brownzing”), limpa rapuh, belang.
196
Paratyphoid infection
Paratyphoid infection is an acute and chronic infection of poultry and
mammals. Ten to twelve species of Salmonella are associated with most
outbreaks in poults.
Lesi : cheesy cores ( pengkejuan) dalam cecum.
Nodular lesions in the pancreas

Button type lesion in the intestine
Enteritis
Dehydration
Unabsorbed yolk material and omphalitis
Less frequent are joint infections
Blindness
Swollen eyelids
197
Paratyphoid infection. Button type lesion in the intestine.
198
Fowl Cholera
Clinical Sign:
swelling (wattle)
199
Clinical Sign: swelling (infraorbital sinuses)
200
Etiology
Fowl cholera (FC) is a highly contagious disease of domestic and wild

birds. The disease is caused by Pasteurella multocida, a gram-negative,
non-spore-forming, rod shaped bacteria. There are 16 somatic serotypes
of Pasteurella multocida, of which 1, 3, and 3x4 are the most common.
The pathogenicity of Pasteurella multocida strains is quite variable and
the degree of expression of clinical signs varies by host species as well
as variations within the host's immune system.
“ Pasteurella multosida”
Akut / kronis…….. Hemorrhagik pada saluran telur.
201
Fowl cholera. Cheesy exudate in the Infraorbital Sinus.
202
On post-mortem examination, the liver may be
swollen and have white areas of coagulative
necrosis. Some less virulent strains of Pasteurella
multocida do not induce these lesion
203
Tissue: liver
Etiology: Fowl Cholera
On post-mortem examination, the liver
may be swollen and have white areas
of coagulative necrosis. Some less
virulent strains of Pasteurella multocida
do not induce these lesions.
204
Infectious Coryza
Clinical Sign:
conjunctivits, infraborbital
sinusitis
Etiology: Infectious
Coryza
Species: chicken (Gallus
gallus)
205
Edema of the subcutaneous tissue, as shown here, can be quite severe
and involve the periorbital region and infraorbital sinuses. Edema may
also extend into the intermandibular space. Nasal discharge may range
from serous to mucoid or purulent (as shown here). Infected birds
typically have reduced feed consumption and growth and a drop in egg
production.
The subcutaneous tissues of the head are swollen and there is a thick
discharge from the nose. A small amount of clear discharge is present in
the eye. Additionally, the area over the infraorbital sinus is swollen.
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206
Head and face: Acute diffuse sinusitis and cellulitis with catarrhal and
suppurative rhinitis and conjunctivitis.
207

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1

Clinical Sign: depression, fever, ecchymoses

Clinical Sign: Depression;

Akhir 2003 / 2004 : bentuk subakut klasik, cyanosis di mana-2, haemorrhagic

Historically, strains of NDV have been grouped into

These have been defined as:

Swollen kidneys with severe

Swollen kidneys with severe

Embrio dari sebelah kiri menunjukkan

Strain Lohman dan Hy Line

Timbunan cairan di dalam oviduk bagian kanan

Fluid filled oviducts in a bird

Clinical Sign: expectoration

The dead bodies are dehydrated, often with haemorrhages in the

Sangat contagious, mematikan bila sudah masuk tongga mulut.

Histopathology shows characteristic

Eye (lid): Focal

VIRUS-INDUCED NEOPLASTIC DISEASES

 Lymphoid leucosis is a B cell tumour which

.Focal neoplastic lesions in kidneys. LL is

Usually, it is not seen in birds younger than 14 weeks.

Could be observed after the age of 4 weeks too.

Bisa diamati setelah usia 4 minggu juga.

Symmetrical neoplastic foci of pleomorphic cells, liver, hen. H/E, Bar =

By Ivan Dinev, DVM, PhD

Acute (visceral) form, liver, hen. Lymphomatous lesions, mainly consisting

By Ivan Dinev, DVM, PhD

3. Histopathology and Cytology Associated with Neoplastic Diseases

The neoplastic changes begin

Tissue: spinal cord

The disease is caused by a cell-associated herpesvirus,

There are three serotypes of MDV but oncogenicity is only

Within this serotype however, there are many strains of

Subsequently, clinical signs in infected chickens vary from

Paresis and paralysis are usually

Clinical Sign: opisthotonus

Clinical Sign: paralysis

These ulcers may develop secondary infections, exacerbated by the

MC-associated cystadenocarcinoma of the

Granulosa cell tumour of the ovary. The

MC-associated carcinosarcomas in the region of

Coccidiosis is a major disease problem in commercial

At least nine species have been described in chicken.

Differential diagnosis (on postmortem) : Necrotic enteritis, ulcerative

Clinical Sign: conjunctivits, infraborbital

On post-mortem examination, gross lesions may be found on the mucous

Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) refers to respiratory

Micro organisms in soil,vegetative matter,feed grain or air flow

Tingkat keparahan dari kondisi penyakit bervariasi dengan konsentrasi

Ulcerative proventriculitis with scaly

Hati kehijauan ( “brownzing”), limpa rapuh, belang.

Lesi : cheesy cores ( pengkejuan) dalam cecum.

Nodular lesions in the pancreas

Fowl cholera (FC) is a highly contagious disease of domestic and wild

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