Course No.

ES GC-241 ELECTRICAL SCIENCES-I

Importance of the Course

Nature of the Course

Learning Objectives:
To learn about Circuit elements, electronic devices, logic gates To practice skills required for analysis of circuits To learn about laws, theorems, principles

The Course Handout

TEXT BOOK:
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering, Oxford University Press by Leonard S. Bobrow, 2nd Edition (2003), Rs.375 Text for a first course in electrical engineering Four parts: Circuits, Electronics, Digital Systems and Electromechanics Solved Problems, Drill Exercises, End of Chapter problems Chapter 1 to 10 out of total 16 Chapters

TEXT BOOK-2

Reference Books:
About 25 reference books are available in library

CONSULTATION HOURS
Tutorial Section Chamber No. Instructor
M.K.DESHMUKH V.K.DESHPANDE ANITHA AGRAWAL G NARASIMHAN BALASUBRAMANIAN.S K.V.R.B.PRASAD

Consultation Hour (Day/Hour)

7 1&3 11 & 13 8,9&10 4&6 2,5&12

B-306 B-309 B-308 B-310 B-307 B-307

TUE 8hr TUE 7hr MON 4hr THU 9hr SAT 3hr WED 3hr

TASKS Lecture Section Tutorials Events

On completion of the course

The beginning
Know about instruments

Circuits & Circuit Elements:

CIRCUITS LAWS CONVENTIONS NUMERICAL

Guidelines for Students

Guidelines for Students

Regularity and attendance Series of Lectures Change of tutorial Hour

Tutorial Sections- THIRTEEN Attendance Compulsory TWO tutorials per week COMMON HOUR every FRIDAY- FIRST HOUR Preparedness

NOTE
Only Genuine recheck requests will be entertained Preserve all checked answer books till Final Results are declared Make-up to be granted in extremely genuine cases Complete and correct identification is essential

Dates of Examination:
Mini Tests/Quizzes to appear as surprise Test-1 on 4/10/05, 3.30PM TO 5.00PM Comprehensive Examination on 10/12/05 FN

BASIC ELEMENTS: 1. Voltage Sources 2. Current Sources 3. Resistors LAWS: 1. Ohms Law 2. Kirchhoffs Voltage Law 3. Kirchhoffs Current Law

1. Voltage Sources
A device that produces a voltage or potential difference of V volts across its terminals regardless of what is connected to it.

Example 1.1 The voltage produced by the voltage source -t shown above is described by v(t) =10e V. Determine the value of the voltage at t=0s,1s,2s. At time t=0s =>V(t)=V(0)=10e-0=10 V;Then t=1 s =>V(t) = V(1) =10e-1= 3.68 V t=2 s =>V(t) = V(2) =10e-2= 1.35 V Finally, t=3 s =>V(t) = V(3) =10e-3= 0.498 V

2.Current Source
Is a device that when connected to anything, will always move I amperes in the direction indicated by the arrow.

Equivalent ideal current source:

3.Resistance
Resistance is defined as the opposition to charge movement and mathematically, is given by: R = Vl / A where V is the resistivity (;-m), l is the length (m), and A is the cross-sectional area (m2) of the conductor. Note that V is temperature dependent. The rate at which the resistance changes with temperature is called the temperature coefficient (E). To determine the resistance when T1 changes to T2 , use: R2 = R1 [1 + E ( T2 - T1 )]

Types of Resistors
Fixed Resistors: e.g. molded carbon composition, carbon film, metal film, metal oxide, wire-wound, & IC resistor network Variable resistors: potentiometer & rheostat

Fixed Resistor

Potentiometer

Rheostat

Resistor Colour Code

1 2 3 4 5 Band 1, 2 i nificant i ures 3 ulti lier 4 Tolerance 5 Relia ilit

Colour: Bk, Br, R, O, Y, Gn, Bl, V, Gr, W, Gl , S , No Colour Band 1: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Band 2: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Band 3: 1 10 102 103 104 105 106 107 .1 .01 Band 4: 5% 10% 20%

Models for Basic Electric Components

4.Ohms Law
I + E
A

V + V + 6 R 3 2 4 I (mA)

Ohms Law states that current in a resistive circuit is directly proportional to its applied voltage and inversely proportional to its resistance. V In equation form:

I!

Exercise 1.2
For the circuit shown in fig, what value of R will result in v(t)=-2.5V?
Fig Answer: V(t) = -2.5V i(t) = 25 A R= V I R= -2.5 -25 x 10-6

+ 25A R i(t)

= 100k

Open Circuit
What if R=g?
i(t)=0 The Rest of the Circuit + v(t) -

Short Circuit
What if R=0?
i(t) The Rest of the Circuit + v(t)=0 -

5.Series Circuits & KVL

E V

1 1
R R V V

R E

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law states that for a closed loop: 7V = 0, or 7Vrises = 7Vdrops The total resistance of n resistors in series is: RT = R1 + R2 + . . . + Rn The total power is: PT = P1 + P2 + . . . + Pn

Voltage Divider Rule

+ +
V

R E

1 I
R

+
2

-2

3 3 +

The voltage applied to a series circuit will be dropped across all the resistors in proportion to the magnitude of the individual resistors. Vx = (Rx / RT) E

Parallel Circuit
IT + E RT I1 R1 R2 R3 I2 I3

Ix = E / Rx; KCL: IT = I1 + I2 + I3 = E / RT Elements/branches are said to be parallel when they have only 2 nodes in common. The voltage across all parallel elements in a circuit will be the same. Voltage sources of different potentials should never be connected in parallel.

6.Parallel Circuits & KCL

Kirchhoffs Current Law: 7I = 0, or 7Iin = 7Iout
Overall conductance: GT=G1 + G2 + . . + Gn =1/RT i.e. Total resistance, RT = 1/(1/R1 + 1/R2 + . . . + 1/Rn) For 2 resistors in parallel: RT= R1R2 / (R1 + R2) For n equal resistors in parallel: RT = R/n where R is the resistance of each resistor.

Current divider rule: Ix = (RT/Rx)IT

Total power dissipated: PT = P1 + P2 + . . . + Pn where P1 = E2/R1 or EI1; . . . . ; Pn = E2/Rn or EIn

KCL Mathematically
i1(t) i2(t) i3(t) i5(t) i4(t)

The sum of currents entering the node is n zero:

i (t ) ! 0
j j !1

Example 1.3 Let us find the voltage v in the two node circuit given in Fig in which directions of i1,i2 and i3 and the polarity of v were chosen arbitrarily. the directions of the 2A and 13 A sources are given.)

i3 i1 13A 1 i2 2 2A 3

ANSWER: By KCL (at either of the nodes, we have 13 - i1 + i2 2 - i3 =0 => i1 - i2 + i3 = 11 -- (1.1) By Ohms Law, I1= v/1; i2 = -v/2; i3= v/3; Substituting these exp in eq. (1.1) yields v/1 - v/2 + v/3 = 11 => v=6V; Having solved for v ,we now find that i1 = v/1 = 6A; i2 = -v/2 = -3A; i3= v/3 =2A.

Summary
KCL sum of all currents entering a node is zero sum of currents entering node is equal to sum of currents leaving node KVL sum of voltages around any loop in a circuit is zero

Series - Parallel Networks

R1 R1 RT1 (a) R2 R1 (b) RT3 R2 R3 R2 R3 R5 RT2 R3 R4 R7 (c) R4 R6