HIRAGANA with DAKUTEN

LONG CONSONANTS
SOKUON 促音 (double consonants)
- Sokuon involves the use of a small “tsu, つ” to double a consonant in a
word.
- When writing in romaji, you use a double consonant, while in kana you will use
the small “tsu” ( っ  for hiragana and  ッ for katakana) in place of the repeated
consonant.
Nippon Zasshi
日本 ( にっぽん ) 雑誌 ( ざっし )
Japan Magazine

Yukkuri Kitte
ゆっくり 切手 ( きって )
Slowly Postage stamp

Yappari
矢っ張り ( やっぱり )
As expected, likewise, nonetheless, still
 LONG VOWELS
Chouon  長音 (long vowels)
- These are words that have long sounds, resulting in a lengthened pronunciation in
Japanese. 
Long vowels ending in a あ , i い , u う are written with an extra vowel of the same
sound. For example, long vowels ending in あ add on an extra あ .
→ E.g. okaasan  お母さん・おかあさん (mother).

Long e  え sounds are followed by an extra い or え .

→ For example, eiga  映画 ・えいが (movie) or oneesan  お姉さん・おねえさん  (older
sister). 
Long vowels ending in o  お are followed by an extra う .

→ For example, ohayou  おはよう  (good morning). 

An exception to this is some words are written with a double  お , such as in ooki  大き・お
おき  (big). 

In katakana, the long vowel is represented by a dash instead. For example: koohii  コーヒー 
(coffee), suupaa  スーパー  (supermarket).
 LONG VOWELS
EXAMPLES:

Obasan  おばさん  (aunt) vs obaasan  おばあさん  (grandmother)

Ningyo  にんぎょ  (mermaid) vs ningyou  にんぎょう  (doll)

Biru  ビル  (multi-storey building) vs biiru  ビール  (beer)

Kado  かど  (corner) vs kaado  カード  (card)

Kutsu  くつ  (shoes) vs kutsuu  くつう  (pain, agony)

 DESU
Desu  です  is a Japanese copula. That means it's a word that
grammatically links subjects and predicates. It's usually
translated to English as "to be" or "it is.“

Most Informal: da  だ

Normal Situations: desu  です

Formal Situations: degozaimasu  でございます

When You want to act like a Samurai: degozaru  でござる

 DESU
DA  だ :
This is the most informal version of "desu." It's short, easy to
say, and used amongst people who know each other fairly
well (friends). Just like every other version, it's used
interchangeably with "desu," and is fairly common in speech.

DESU  です :
This is the most common form of "desu" (duh). If you don't
know which one to use, then use this one. It's fairly safe in
almost all situations (unless you're talking to the emperor, or
something, but that's when to pull out your gai-jin card and
beg for mercy), and is used in formal, neutral, and informal
situations.
 DESU
DEGOZAIMASU  でございます :
You would want to use "degozaimasu" when you are in a very
formal situation, if you were in an interview, if you are talking
to a customer of yours, or if you are a train operator.

DEGOZARU  でござる :
This is when you want to sound like a Samurai (or an idiot).
This is the feudal, formal way of ending your sentences. You
should only use this when you want to make people laugh (at
you) or when you are (god forbid) role-playing someone from
Samurai Champloo.
 DE WA ARIMASEN vs. JA ARIMASEN
Both means “No, it’s not” but these words are used in
different contexts.

DE WA ARIMASEN – Used for those older people, younger

and those of the same age as the speaker. Also, this is used
for official situations (meetings, presentations

JA ARIMASEN – Casual form; used for younger people or

those within the same age as the speaker.