Water Quality Analysis

Laboratory Methods
 ABSTRACT:-
• The study is based on the analysis of drinking
water parameters in an educational institute
situated in . In this paper, different
author’s papers are summarized on water
analysis , their treatment processes and
parameters which is helpful .
 INTRODUCTION:-
• Increase in urbanization , industrialization, agriculture
activity and various human activities has increase the
pollution surface water and ground water . various
treatment methods are adopted to raise the quality of
drinking water . water should be free from the
contaminations viz. Organic & inorganic pollutants, heavy
metals, pesticides etc. As well as all its parameter like pH,
Electrical conductivity, calcium, bicarbonate, chloride,
total dissolved solid, alkalinity, sodium , potassium,
nitrate ,DO should be within permissible limit.
 Assessment of water quality:-
• The objective of the present study was to assess water quality of various ground water sources for drinking and agriculture .
• Water has three characteristics i.e. Physical, chemical and biological characteristics. The raw water can be checked and analysed
by studying and testing these characteristic
• Physical characteristic of water
1. Turbidity of water
2. Colour
3. Taste and odour
4. Temperature of water
5. Specific conductivity

• Chemical charcacteristics of water

1. Total solid & suspended solids
2. pH value of water
3. Hardness of water
4. Chloride content
5. Nitrogen content
6. Metal and other chemical substances in water
7. Dissolved gases
8. BOD & COD
 Bacterial and Microscopic characteristics of
water
1. Bacteria
2. Protozoa
3. Viruses
4. Worms
5. Fungi
Physical characteristic of water
6. Turbidity of water
• The turbidity is measured by turbidity meter with optical
observation and is expressed as amount of suspended matter in
mg/L or parts per million (ppm). For water mg/L and ppm are
approximately equal.
1. Colour
 Measurement of pH:
• The pH is important parameter of water , which determines
the suitability of water for various purposes such as
drinking, bathing ,coking , washing & agriculture etc. The
Ph level of water having desirable limit is 6.5 to 8.5 as
specified by BIS. Pure water is said to be neutral, with a pH
of 7. Water with Ph below 7 is considered acidic while
water with pH greater than 7 is considered as basic or
alkaline. pH can be calculated mathematically as pH = -
log[H+]
• This scale is developed by scientist Sorenson in 1909.
• H2O H+ + OH-
 Determination of pH of water:
• There are two methods involved in
determination of pH value of water. They are
1. Colorimetric method
2. Electrometric method
 Measurement of conductivity:
• Electrical conductivity is the electrical current
that passes through the water . It is directly
related to concentration of ionized substances
in water and may also related to hardness of
water.
 Measurement of Alkalinity:
• The standard desirable limit of alkalinity of
potable water is 10 mg/L . The maximum
permissible level is 600 mg/L . Excessive
alkalinity may cause eye irritation in human
and chlorosis in plant. It is measure by
titration with standarized acid to to a pH value
of 4.5 and is expressed commonly as
milligrams per liter as calcium carcarbonate.
 Total solid and suspended solids
• Total solids (suspended solid and dissolved
solid) can be obtained by evaporating a
sample of water and weighing the dry residue
left and weighing the dry residue left on the
filter paper. The suspended solid can be found
by filtering the water sample. Total
permissible amount of solid in water is
generally limited to 500 ppm.