ADVANCE REACTION KINETCS AND CATALYSIS

(ChE 809.1)
GROUP D
Topic: Homogeneous Catalysis (Emzyne on Brewery Case
Study)
Group Members:
 Uwakwe Onuabuchi Charles
 Ndubuisi Florence Akuchukwu
 Onyilo Akawo Monday
 Irabor Osedebamen Itua
 Nwambo Victor Zinadum
 What is Homogeneous Catalysis?
•  It refers to catalytic reactions where the
• catalyst is in the same phase as the reactants.
•  It applies to the reactions in the gas and
• liquids phase and even in solids.
•  In homogeneous catalysis, all the reactants
• and catalysts are present in a single fluid
• phase and usually in the liquid phase.
 Catalysis in Action

• . Energy

Eact uncatalysed

Eact catalysed

reactants

products
Features of Homogeneous Catalysis
 In homogeneous catalysis, catalysts mixes into the reaction
mixture allowing a very high degree of interaction between
catalyst and reactant molecules.
 Homogeneous catalysts are used in variety of industrial
applications as they allow for an increase in reaction rate
without an increase in temperature.
 High selectivity and activity
 Feasible operation under mild reaction conditions
 Controls catalytic properties by means of changing its
composition
 Homogeneous Catalysis Application
Enzyme Catalysis and Kinetics
Enzyme Catalysis
This is an increase in the rate of a catalytic
reactions by an enzyme.
In enzyme catalysis, enzyme binds with a substrate
(reactant) to give a product.
Enzyme Kinetics
Three Principal Features of Enzyme-catalysed
Reactions
1. For a given initial concentration of substrate, [S]o,
the initial rate of product formation is proportional to
the total concentration of enzyme, [E]o.
2. For a given [E]o and low values of [S]o, the rate of
product formationis proportional to [S]o.
3. For a given [E]o and high values of [S]o, the rate of
product formation becomes independent of [S]o, reaching
a maximum value known as the maximum velocity,
Vmax.
 Enzyme Catalysis and Kinetics Cont’d
Michaelis-Menten Mechanism
E+S ES k1
ES E+S k2
ES P+E k3
The rate of product formation: d[P] / dt = k3[ES] ------ Equ
(1)

To get a solution for equation (1), we need to know the

value of [ES]
d[ES] / dt = k1[E][S] – k2[ES] – k3[ES] ------------ Equ (2)

Applying Steady State approximation to Equation (2)

Where; Vmax – Maximum Reaction Rate k1[E][S] – k2[ES] – k3[ES] = 0

Km – Michaelis-Menten Constant [ES] [E] [S]

Because [E]o = [E] + [ES]; and [S] ≈ [S]o
Michaelis-Menten Constant is the substrate
[ES] ---------------------- Equ (3)
concentration required for an enzyme to reach
one-half its maximum reaction rate.
 Enzyme Catalysis and Kinetics Cont’d

2. When [S]o >> Km, the rate of product formation reaches its
Substituting equation (3) into equation (1), we get maximum value, which is independent of [S]o:
Michaelis-Menten equation V [E]o --------------- Equ (5)
---------------------- Equ (3) With definition off Km and Vmax, we get
Michaelis constant, Km = V - --------- Equ (6)

Km can also be expressed as [E][S] / [ES] Equation (6) can be rearranged into:

Analysis: -------------- Equ (7)

A plot of 1/v versus 1/[S]o is called Lineweaver-Burk plot, in which
1.When [S]o << Km, the rate of product formation is a straight line is expected with the slope of Km/Vmax, and a y-
proportional to [S]o: intercept at 1/Vmax.
v [E]o [S]o ----------------- Equ (4)
 Application of Enzymes in Brewery
BREWING ENZYMES ENZYME ACTION FUNCTION
OPERATION
Alpha amylase Hydrolyse starch Reduce viscosity
Germination
Beta glycanase Hydrolyse glycans Aid the filtration
Alpha amylase Hydrolyse starch Malt improvement
Amyloglucosidase Increase glucose content Increase % fermentable sugar in
“light” beer
Mashing
Proteases Increase soluble protein and free Malt improvement improved yeast
amino-nitrogen (FAN) growth.
Beta glucanase Hydrolyse glucans Improve wort separation
Pentosanase / xylanase Hydrolyse pentosans of malt Improve extraction and beer filtration
barley, wheat.
Fungal Alpha amylase Increase maltose and glucose Increase % fermentable sugar in light
content beer
Beta glucanase Hydrolyse glucans Reduce viscosity and aid filtration
Fermentation
Alpha acetolactate Converts Alpha acetolactate to Decrease fermentation time
decarboxylase (ALDC) acetoin directly
Conditioning tank Protease Modify protein poly phenolic Reduce the chill haze formed in beer
compound
 Conclusion

Advantages of Homogeneous Catalysis Disadvantages of Homogeneous Catalysis

 In many reactions, homogeneous catalysts  Catalysis needs to be separated after reaction.
are more active and/or selective compared
to heterogeneous catalysts.  Catalyst recovery may be difficult because
the temperature for the distillation can destroy
 In homogeneous catalysis, there is good contact the catalyst.
with reactants.
 Catalytic chemistry and mechanism for
homogeneous catalysis are better studied and
understood. Therefore, it is easier to control
and manipulate the process parameters.