MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY

WHAT IS MORBIDITY?
 Morbidity is the state of having a specific illness or condition. While morbidity can
refer to an acute condition, such as a respiratory infection, it often refers to a
condition that’s chronic (long-lasting).
 diabetes
 high blood pressure (hypertension)
 heart disease
 obesity
 lung diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)
 stroke
 chronic kidney disease
 infections, such as the flu, COVID-19, and HIV
 cancer
 Alzheimer’s disease
 mental health conditions, such as anxiety and depression
TWO WAYS OFTEN SEE MORBIDITY DATA

 Incidence

Incidence refers to the occurrence of new cases of an illness or condition within a population over a defined period of
time. It can be expressed as a proportion or a rate.
 Proportion

An incidence proportion can be used to estimate the risk for developing a specific condition during a given time
period. It’s calculated by dividing the number of new cases during a specific period by the population at the start of
the period.
For example, let’s say that 10 people became ill with food poisoning after eating undercooked chicken at a backyard
barbecue. If 40 people attending the barbecue ate the chicken, the risk of food poisoning would be 25 percent.
WHAT IS MORTALITY?

 Mortality refers to the number of deaths that have occurred due to a specific illness or condition.
 Mortality is often expressed in the form of mortality rate. This is the number of deaths due to an illness divided by
the total population at that time.
TOP 10 CAUSE OF MORTALITY IN THE PHILIPPINES
MORTALITY TREND
MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES

 Emerging infectious diseases are “New diseases; new problem (New threats)”
 An emerging infectious disease is a one that is caused by a newly discovered infectious agent
 By a newly identified pathogen, which has emerged and whose incidence in humans has increased
during the last 2 decades and is threatening to increase in the near future.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE EMERGENCE OF INFECTIOUS
DISEASES:

1. Human demographics and behaviour

8. Climate and weather
2. Technology and industry
9. Changing ecosystems
3. Economic development and land use
10. Poverty and social inequality
4. International travel and commerce
5. Microbial adaptation and change
11. War and famine

6. Breakdown of public health measures 12. Lack of political will

7. Human susceptibility to infection 13. Intent to harm
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE EMERGENCE

 HOSTS
• Human demographic change (inhabiting new areas)
• Human behaviour:
1. Unsafe sexual practises (HIV, Gonorrhoea, Syphilis)
2. Changes in agricultural & food production patterns-food-borne infectious agents (E. coli)
3. Increased international travel (influenza)
• Human susceptibility to infection (immunosuppression)
• Poverty & social inequality
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE EMERGENCE

 AGENTS
• Evolution of pathogenic infectious agents (microbial adaptation & change)
• Development of resistance to drugs: wrong prescribing practices
• Non-adherence by patients
• Counterfeit drugs
• Use of anti-infective drugs in animals & plants
• Resistance of vectors to pesticides
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE EMERGENCE

 ENVIRONMENT
• Climate & changing ecosystems:
• Deforestation forces animals into closer human contact-increased possibility for agents to breach species barriers between animals &
humans
• El Nino-Triggers natural disasters & related outbreaks of infectious diseases (Malaria, Cholera)
• Global warming- spread of Malaria, Dengue, Leishmaniasis, Filariasis
• Economic development & land use (urbanization, deforestation)
• Technology & industry (food processing & handling)
• International travel & commerce
• Deterioration in surveillance systems (lack of political will)
EXAMPLES OF EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
 1993: Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (United States)
 1994: Plague (India)
 1995: Ebola fever (Democratic Republic of Congo)
 1996: New variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (United Kingdom)
 1997: H5N1 influenza (Hong Kong);
 1998: Nipah virus encephalitis (Malaysia, Singapore)
 1999: West Nile virus encephalitis (Russia, United States)
 2000: Rift Valley fever (Kenya, Saudi Arabia, Yemen); Ebola fever (Uganda)
 2001: Anthrax (United States); foot-and-mouth disease (United Kingdom)
 2002: Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (United States)
 2003: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (multiple countries); monkey pox (USA)
 2004: H5N1 influenza (Southeast Asia)
EMERGING ZOONOSES: HUMAN-ANIMAL INTERFACE

Avian influenza Bats: Nepah virus Ebola Virus Marburg virus

virus

Mostomys rodent: Hantavirus Pulmonary

Borrelia burgdorferi Deer tick Lassa fever Syndrome
(Lyme disease)
PROTECT YOURSELF

1. Handle & Prepare Food Safely

2. Wash Hands Often
3. Clean & Disinfect Commonly Used Surfaces
4. Cough & Sneeze Into Your Sleeve
5.  Don't Share Personal Items
6. Get Vaccinated
7. Avoid Touching Wild Animals
8. Stay Home When Sick
EXAMPLES OF EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES

 Hepatitis C- First identified in 1989

In mid 1990s estimated global prevalence 3%
 Hepatitis B- Identified several decades earlier
Upward trend in all countries
 Zoonoses- 1,415 microbes are infectious for human
Of these, 868 (61%) considered zoonotic
70% of newly recognized pathogens are zoonoses
Emerging influenza infections in Humans associated with Chickens, Pigs
RE-EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES

 Re-emerging infectious diseases are “old diseases, new problem, (New threats)”
 A re-emerging infectious disease is a one which was previously controlled but once
again his risen to be a significant health problem.
 This term also refers to that disease which was formerly confined to one geographic
area, has now spread to other areas.
ACTIVITY 1

 List down 10 common illness/ diseases here in the Philippines.

 Do research about the Mortality Rate here in the Philippines from 2010-2022