ch05 Cardiovascular System

Medical Terminology
A Living Language
Chapter 5
Cardiovascular System
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.
Multimedia Directory
Slide 13Slide 13 Heart Anatomy Animation
Slide 27Slide 27 Heart Chambers Animation
Slide 36Slide 36 Atrial Blood Flow Animation
Slide 38Slide 38 Atrial Contraction Animation
Slide 40Slide 40 Ventricular Contraction Animation
Slide 45Slide 45 Internal Heart Structures Exercise
Slide 67Slide 67 Blood Pressure Animation
Slide 72Slide 72 Cardiac Arrhythmia Video
Slide 81Slide 81 Blood Pressure Measurement Video
Slide 84Slide 84 Angina Pectoris Animation
Slide 88Slide 88 Coronary Artery Disease Animation
Slide 92Slide 92 Heart Attack Video
Slide 95Slide 95 Aneurysm Animation

Multimedia Directory Continued
Slide 106 Electrocardiography Video
Slide 107Slide 107 EKG Technician Video
Slide 112Slide 112 Defibrillation Video

Cardiovascular System at a Glance
● Functions of Cardiovascular (CV) System

● Distribute blood to all areas of body
● Delivery of needed substances to cells
● Removal of wastes

Cardiovascular System at a Glance
● Organs of Cardiovascular System

● Heart
● Arteries
● Capillaries
● Veins

Cardiovascular Combining Forms
● angi/o vessel
● aort/oaorta
● arteri/o artery
● ather/o fatty substance
● atri/o atrium
● cardi/o heart

● coron/o heart
● hemangi/o blood vessel
● phleb/o vein
● sphygm/o pulse
● steth/o chest
● thromb/o clot

● valv/o valve
● valvul/o valve
● vascul/o blood vessel
● vas/o vessel, duct
● ven/o vein
● ventricul/o ventricle

Cardiovascular System Suffixes
● –manometer instrument to measure pressure

● –ole small
● –tensionpressure
● –ule small

Anatomy and Physiology
● Also called circulatory system

● Maintains distribution of blood throughout body
● Delivers oxygen and nutrients like glucose and
amino acids to cells
● Picks up carbon dioxide and other waste
products from cells and delivers to lungs, liver, and
kidneys for elimination

Anatomy and Physiology
● Is composed of:
● Heart
● Blood vessels
● Arteries
● Capillaries
● Veins
● Divided into pulmonary circulation and
systemic circulation

Heart Anatomy Animation
Click here to view an animation of the anatomy of the heart

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory All rights reserved.
Systemic Circulation
● Between heart and

cells of body
● Carries oxygenated
blood away from left
side of heart to body
● Carries
deoxygenated blood
from body to right
side of heart

Pulmonary Circulation
● Between heart and

lungs
● Carries
deoxygenated blood
away from right side
of heart to lungs
● Carries oxygenated
blood from lungs to
left side of heart

Figure 5.1 – A schematic of the circulatory system illustrating the
pulmonary circulation picking up oxygen from the lungs and the
systemic circulation delivering oxygen to the body.
Heart
● Muscular pump
● Made up of cardiac muscle fibers
● Could be called a muscle instead of an organ
● Beats an average of 60 – 100 beats per
minute (bpm), or about 100,000 times a day
● Each time the muscle contracts:
● Blood is ejected from heart
● Pushed throughout body within blood vessels

Heart
● Located in the mediastinum

● More to left side of chest
● Directly behind sternum
● About size of a fist
● Shaped like upside-down pear
● Tip of heart at lower edge
● Called the apex

Figure 5.2 – Location of the heart within
the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity.
Heart Layers
Endocardium Myocardium Epicardium

●Inner layer ●Middle layer ●Outer layer
●Lines heart ●Thick muscle ●Forms the
chambers ●Contraction of visceral layer of
●Smooth, thin this layer pericardial sac
layer that develops the ●Fluid between
reduces friction pressure layers of
as the blood required to pericardial sac
passes through pump blood reduces friction
heart chambers through blood as heart beats
vessels

Figure 5.3 – Internal view of the heart illustrating the heart
chambers, heart layers, and major blood vessels associated with
the heart.
Heart Chambers
● Divided into four chambers
● Two atria
● Two ventricles
● Heart is divided into right and left sides by a
wall called the septum

Atria
● Left and right upper

chambers
● Receiving chambers
● Blood returns to atria
in veins
● Superior and
inferior vena cava
● Pulmonary veins

Ventricles
● Left and right lower

chambers
● Pumping chambers
● Thick myocardium
● Blood exits ventricles
into arteries
● Aorta
● Pulmonary artery

Figure 5.3 – Internal view of the heart illustrating the heart
chambers, heart layers, and major blood vessels associated with
the heart.
Figure 5.4 – Internal view of heart specimen illustrating
heart chambers, septum, and heart valves.
Heart Chambers Animation
Click here to view an animation of the chambers of the heart.

Heart Valves
● Four valves in heart

● Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic
● Act as restraining gates to control direction of
blood flow
● Found at entrance and exit to ventricles
● Allow blood to flow only in forward direction by
blocking it from returning to previous chamber

Figure 5.4 – Internal view of heart specimen illustrating
heart chambers, septum, and heart valves.
Tricuspid Valve
● An atrioventricular
valve
● Between right atrium
and ventricle
● Prevents blood in
ventricle from flowing
back into atrium
● Has 3 leaflets or
cusps

Pulmonary Valve
● A semilunar valve
● Between right
ventricle and
pulmonary artery
artery from flowing
back into ventricle
● Semilunar – valve
looks like half moon

Mitral Valve
● An atrioventricular
valve
● Between left atrium
and ventricle
ventricle from flowing
back into atrium
● Also called bicuspid
valve - has two
cusps
Aortic Valve
● A semilunar valve
● Between left
ventricle and aorta
aorta from flowing
back into ventricle

Figure 5.5 – Superior view of heart valves illustrating
position, size, and shape of each valve.
Path of Blood Flow Through Heart
1. Deoxygenated blood
from body enters
relaxed right atrium
via two large veins
called:
● Superior vena cava
● Inferior vena cava

Atrial Blood Flow Animation
Click here to view an animation of atrial blood flow.

2. Right atrium
contracts
● Blood flows through
tricuspid valve into
relaxed right ventricle

Atrial Contraction Animation
Click here to view an animation of atrial contraction.

3. Right ventricle
contracts
● Blood is pumped
through pulmonary
valve into pulmonary
artery
● Carries blood to
lungs

Ventricular Contraction Animation
Click here to view an animation of ventricular contraction.

4. Relaxed left atrium

receives blood that
has been
oxygenated by lungs
● Blood enters left
atrium from the four
pulmonary veins

5. Left atrium contracts

● Blood flows through
mitral valve into
relaxed left ventricle

6. Left ventricle
contracts
● Blood is pumped
through the aortic
valve and into aorta
● Largest artery in the
body
● Carries blood to all
parts of body

Figure 5.6 – The path of blood flow through the
chambers of the left and right side of the heart.
Animation of the path of blood flow through the
chambers of the left and right side of the heart.

Internal Heart Structures Exercise
Click here to review the internal structures of the heart in a labeling activity.

Systole and Diastole
● Heart chambers alternate between:

● Relaxing to fill
● Contracting to push blood forward
● Relaxation phase is diastole
● Contraction phase is systole

Conduction System of the Heart
● Autonomic nervous system controls heart rate

● Therefore, no voluntary control over heart
● Special heart tissue conducts electrical
impulses
● Stimulate different chambers to contract in correct
order

Path of the Conduction System
1. Sinoatrial (SA) node,

or pacemaker, is
where electrical
impulse begins
● From SA node a wave
of electricity travels
through atria
● Causing them to
contract, or go into
systole

2. Next, atrioventricular
node (AV) is
stimulated
3. This node transfers
stimulation wave to
bundle of His

4. Electrical wave travels

down bundle
branches within
interventricular
septum
5. Finally, Purkinje
fibers in ventricular
myocardium are
stimulated
● Results in ventricular
systole

Figure 5.7 – The conduction system of the heart.

Figure 5.8 – An electrocardiogram (EKG) wave.

Blood Vessels
● Pipes that circulate blood through body

● Three types:
● Arteries
● Capillaries
● Veins
● Lumen is the channel within blood vessels

Arteries
● Large thick-walled vessels

● Wall contains smooth muscle and can dilate or
constrict
● As arteries travel through body they branch
into progressively smaller vessels called
arterioles

Figure 5.9 – Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.

Arteries
● Carry blood away from heart

● Towards either lungs or cells and tissues of body
● Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to
lungs
● Aorta carries oxygenated blood to body
● Coronary arteries supply myocardium

Figure 5.10 – The coronary arteries.

Figure 5.11 – The major arteries of the body.

Capillaries
● Network of tiny, thin-walled blood vessels

called a capillary bed
● Connecting unit between arteries and veins
● Arterial blood flows into capillary bed
● Venous blood flows out of capillary bed
● Location for:
● Oxygen and nutrients to diffuse out
● Carbon dioxide and wastes to diffuse in


Veins
● Much thinner walls than arteries

● Much lower pressure system than in arteries
● Have valves to insure blood flows only towards
heart
● Squeezing by skeletal muscles also assists blood
return to heart
● Smallest veins are called venules


Veins
● Carry blood towards the heart

● From either the lungs or the cells and tissues of
body
● Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from
lungs
● Superior and inferior vena cava carry deoxygenated
blood from body

Figure 5.12 – The major veins of the body.

Blood Pressure
● Measurement of force exerted by blood

against walls of a vessel
● May be affected by several characteristics of
blood and blood vessels
● Elasticity of arteries
● Diameter of blood vessels
● Viscosity of blood
● Volume of blood
● Amount of resistance to blood flow

Blood Pressure
● During ventricular systole

● Blood is under great pressure
● Gives highest pressure—systolic
● Top number of blood pressure reading
● During ventricular diastole
● Blood isn’t being pushed from heart at all
● Blood pressure drops to lowest point—diastolic
● Bottom number of blood pressure reading

Blood Pressure Animation
Click here to view an animation on systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Word Building with angi/o
–gram angiogram record of a vessel

–itis angiitis inflammation of a vessel
–plasty angioplasty surgical repair of vessel
involuntary muscle
–spasm angiospasm
contraction in a vessel
–stenosis angiostenosis narrowing of a vessel

Word Building with aort/o & arteri/o
–ic aortic pertaining to the aorta
–al arterial pertaining to an artery

–ole arteriole small artery
–rrhexis arteriorrhexis ruptured artery

Word Building with ather/o & atri/o
surgical removal of fatty

–ectomy atherectomy
substance
fatty substance
–oma atheroma
tumor/growth
–al atrial pertaining to the atrium

pertaining to between the
inter– –al interatrial
atrium

Word Building with cardi/o
–ac cardiac
pertaining to the heart
brady– –ia bradycardia
state of slow heart
electr/o record of heart’s
electrocardiogram
–gram electricity
–megaly cardiomegaly enlarged heart
pertaining to heart
my/o –al myocardial
muscle
–ologist cardiologist heart specialist
–rrhexis cardiorrhexis ruptured heart
tachy– –ia tachycardia state of fast heart

Cardiac Arrhythmia Video
Click here to view a video on tachycardia and bradycardia.

Word Building with coron/o,
phleb/o, and vascul/o
–ary coronary pertaining to the heart
–itis phlebitis inflammation of a vein
pertaining to a blood
–ar vascular
vessel

Word Building with valv/o & valvul/o
–plasty valvoplasty surgical repair of valve
–itis valvulitis inflammation of a valve

–ar valvular pertaining to a valve

Word Building with ven/o & ventricul/o
–ous venous pertaining to veins
–ule venule small vein

–gram venogram record of a vein
–ar ventricular pertaining to ventricles

pertaining to between
inter– –ar interventricular
ventricles

Cardiovascular Vocabulary
listening to sounds within body using a

auscultation
stethoscope
branch of medicine for diagnosis and
cardiology treatment of cardiovascular disease;
physician is a cardiologist
flexible tube inserted in body to move fluids
catheter into or out of body; may be used to place
dye into a vein to view blood vessels

area of necrotic tissue due to loss of blood

infarct
supply
local and temporary deficiency of blood
ischemia
supply due to a circulatory obstruction
abnormal heart sound such as soft blowing
murmur
sound or a harsh click; also called a bruit
orthostatic sudden drop in blood pressure when
hypotension standing up suddenly

palpitations pounding, racing heartbeats

yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery;
plaque
hallmark of atherosclerosis
to flow backwards; in CV system refers to
regurgitation
backflow of blood through a valve

blood pressure cuff; measures

sphygmomanometer
blood pressure
stainless steel tube placed within
stent
blood vessel to widen the lumen
instrument for listening to body
stethoscope
sounds

Figure 5.13 – Using a sphygmomanometer
to measure blood pressure.
Blood Pressure Measurement
Video
Click here to view a video on the use of a sphygmomanometer.

Figure 5.14 – A) A catheter is used to place a collapsed stent next to
an atherosclerotic plaque; B) stent is expanded; C) catheter is
removed, leaving the expanded stent behind.

Heart Pathology
severe pain and sensation of constriction

angina
around heart; caused by myocardial
pectoris
ischemia
irregularity in heartbeat; some are mild and
arrhythmia
others are life threatening
electrical impulse is blocked from traveling
bundle
down bundle branches; results in ventricles
branch
beating at different rate than atria; also
block (BBB)
called heart block

Angina Pectoris Animation
Click here to view an animation on angina pectoris.

Heart Pathology
cardiac arrest complete stopping of heart activity

myocardial disease; may be caused by
viral infection, congestive heart failure,
cardiomyopathy
or alcoholism; common reason for heart
transplant
congenital hole, present at birth, in heart septum;
septal defect allows mixing of oxygenated and
(CSD) deoxygenated blood

Heart Pathology
congestive left ventricle muscle is too weak to

heart failure efficiently pump blood; results in
(CHF) weakness, breathlessness, & edema
coronary poor blood supply to heart muscle due to
artery disease obstruction of coronary arteries; may
(CAD) cause angina pectoris and heart attack
inflammation of lining membranes of
endocarditis heart; if cause is bacterial may have a
bacterial colony form, called vegetation

Figure 5.15 – Formation of an atherosclerotic plaque within a
coronary artery.

Coronary Artery Disease
Animation
Click here to view an animation about coronary artery disease.

Heart Pathology
extremely serious arrhythmia characterized

fibrillation by quivering of heart fibers; cardiac arrest
and death can occur
arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly,
flutter
but in a regular pattern
heart valve cusps are too loose and fail to shut tightly;
prolapse allowing regurgitation
heart valve cusps are too stiff; unable to shut tightly;
stenosis allowing regurgitation

Heart Pathology
myocardial occlusion of coronary artery; results in a

infarction (MI) myocardial infarct; a heart attack
myocarditis inflammation of heart muscle layer
pericarditis inflammation of pericardial sac
combination of four congenital
anomalies; pulmonary stenosis,
tetralogy of
interventricular septal defect, improper
Fallot
placement of aorta, hypertrophy of right
ventricle; requires immediate surgery

Figure 5.16 – External and cross-sectional view of an infarct caused
by a myocardial infarction.

Heart Attack Video
Click here to view a video on the topic of heart attacks.

Blood Vessel Pathology
weakness and ballooning of arterial

aneurysm wall; commonly seen in abdominal and
cerebral arteries
hardening & loss of elasticity of arterial
arteriosclerosis
walls; often due to atherosclerosis
most common form of arteriosclerosis;
atherosclerosis
lipid plaques form in arterial wall

Figure 5.17 – Illustration of a large aneurysm in the abdominal aorta
which has ruptured.

Aneurysm Animation
Click here to view an animation on aneurysms.

Figure 5.18 – Development of an atherosclerotic plaque that
progressively narrows the lumen of an artery to the point that a
thrombus fully occludes the lumen.

coarctation of
severe congenital narrowing of aorta
aorta (CoA)
obstruction of blood vessel by blood
embolus clot that has broken off from a
thrombus in another site
hemorrhoid varicose veins in anal region

Figure 5.19 – Illustration of an embolus floating in an artery. The
embolus will become lodged in a blood vessel that is smaller than
it is, resulting in occlusion of that artery.

high blood pressure; essential or

hypertension primary hypertension is due to CV
(HTN) disease; secondary hypertension results
from another disease
decrease in blood pressure; may be due
hypotension
to shock or anemia
patent ductus congenital heart anomaly where fetal
arteriosus connection between pulmonary artery
(PDA) and aorta fails to close at birth

peripheral abnormal condition affecting any blood

vascular vessel outside the heart; symptoms may
disease (PVD) include pain, pallor, & blocked circulation
polyarteritis inflammation of several arteries
periodic ischemic attacks affecting
Raynaud’s extremities; especially fingers, toes,
phenomenon ears, and nose; extremities become
cyanotic; triggered by cold exposure

inflammation of vein resulting in blood

thrombophlebitis
clots within a vein
blood clot within a blood vessel; may
thrombus partially or completely occlude blood
vessel
swollen and distended veins; often in
varicose veins
the legs

Clinical Laboratory Tests
blood test determines level of enzymes

cardiac specific to heart muscle in blood; an
enzymes increase may indicate heart muscle
damage such as a myocardial infarction
serum blood test measures amount of cholesterol
lipoprotein and triglycerides in blood; indicator of
level atherosclerosis risk

Diagnostic Imaging
X-rays taken after injection of opaque dye

angiography
into blood vessel
nuclear medicine scan using radioactive
cardiac scan thallium; especially useful in determining
myocardial damage

Diagnostic Imaging
using ultrasound to produce an

image of blood flowing through blood
Doppler
vessels in order to determine
ultrasonography
velocity; indicates blood clots or deep
vein thromboses
use of ultrasound to visualize internal
echocardiography
cardiac structures; especially valves
X-ray of veins; used to identify a
venography
thrombus

Cardiac Function Tests
catheter is threaded through blood

vessel to heart; detects
cardiac
abnormalities, collects cardiac
catheterization
blood samples, and determines
blood pressure inside heart
process of recording electrical
electrocardiography activity of heart; able to diagnose
(ECG, EKG) arrhythmias and myocardial
damage

Electrocardiography Video
Click here to view a video on electrocardiography

EKG Technician Video
Click here to view a video on EKG technicians.

Cardiac Function Tests
portable ECG monitor worn by patient up

Holter
to a few days to assess heart activity as
monitor
person goes through daily activities
evaluates cardiovascular fitness; patient
exercises on treadmill or bicycle with a
stress
steadily increasing work load; EKC and
testing
oxygen levels are monitored throughout
the test

Figure 5.20 – Man undergoing stress test on a treadmill. (Jonathan
Nourok/PhotoEdit Inc.)
Medical Procedures
procedure to restore cardiac output

cardiopulmonary
and oxygenate air for person in cardiac
resuscitation
arrest; uses chest compressions and
(CPR)
artificial respiration
procedure that converts irregular
defibrillation heartbeats, such as fibrillation, using
an electric shock
extracorporeal routing blood to a heart-lung machine
circulation (ECC) during a surgical procedure

Figure 5.21 – An emergency medical technician positions
defibrillator paddles on the chest of a supine male patient.
Defibrillation Video
Click here to view a video on defibrillation.

Medical Procedures
device implanted into the heart to

implantable
deliver an electric shock to restore
cardioverter-
normal heart rhythm; especially helpful
defibrillator
for ventricular fibrillation
device implanted into the heart to
pacemaker
substitute for the natural pacemaker;
implantation
especially helpful for bradycardia

Figure 5.22 – Color enhanced X-ray showing pacemaker implanted
in the chest and the electrode wires running to the heart. (UHB
Trust/Getty Images Inc.–Stone Allstock)
Medical Procedures
use of drugs, such as streptokinase

thrombolytic or tissue-type plasminogen activator,
therapy to dissolve clots and restore blood
flow

Surgical Procedures
aneurysmectomy surgical removal of an aneurysm

surgical joining of two arteries when
arterial
an artery is severed or a damaged
anastomosis
section is removed
blood vessel from another location
coronary artery
(often a leg vein) is grafted to route
bypass graft
blood around a blocked coronary
(CABG)
artery
embolectomy surgical removal of an embolus

Surgical Procedures
removal of the diseased inner lining

endarterectomy of an artery; usually to remove
atherosclerotic plaques
replacement of a diseased heart
heart transplant
with a donor heart
placing a stent within a coronary
intracoronary
artery; treats coronary ischemia due
artery stent
to atherosclerosis
removal of varicose veins; damaged
ligation &
vein is tied off (ligation) and then
stripping
removed (stripping)
Surgical Procedures
percutaneous
transluminal balloon catheter is inserted through
coronary skin into coronary artery; inflated to
angioplasty dilate the narrow blood vessel
(PTCA)
removal of diseased valve and
valve replacement
replacement with an artificial valve

Figure 5.23 – Balloon angioplasty.

Cardiovascular Pharmacology
ACE inhibitor produce vasodilation to Lotensin,

drugs decrease blood pressure Capoten
reduces or prevents cardiac Tambocor,
antiarrhythmic
arrhythmias Corvert
prevents blood clot Warfarin,
anticoagulant
formation Coumadin
reduces blood cholesterol Lipitor,
antilipidemic
level Zocor

lowers heart rate to treat

Beta- Lopressor,
hypertension and angina
blocker Inderal
pectoris
decreases force of heart beat to
Calcium
treat hypertension, angina Cardizem,
channel
pectoris, and congestive heart Procardia
blocker
failure
increases force of heart
cardiotonic contraction to treat congestive Lanoxin
heart failure

increases urine
production to reduce
diuretic Lasix
plasma volume to
lower blood pressure
dissolves existing
thrombolytic Plavix, Activase
blood clot

contracts smooth muscle in

vasoconstrictor wall of blood vessel to raise Aramine
blood pressure
relaxes smooth muscle in
wall of blood vessel to
Nitro-Dur,
vasodilator reduce blood pressure and
Vasodilan
increase blood flow to
ischemic area

Cardiovascular Abbreviations
AFB atrial fibrillation

AMI acute myocardial infarction
AS arteriosclerosis
ASD atrial septal defect
ASHD arteriosclerotic heart disease
AV, A-V atrioventricular
BBB bundle branch block
BP blood pressure

bpm beats per minute

CABG coronary artery bypass graft
CAD coronary artery disease
cath catheterization
CC cardiac catheterization, chief complaint
CCU coronary care unit
CHF congestive heart failure
CoA coarctation of the aorta

CP chest pain
CPK creatine phosphokinase
CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CSD congenital septal defect
CV cardiovascular
DVT deep vein thrombosis
ECC extracorporeal circulation
ECG, EKG electrocardiogram

ECHO echocardiogram
GOT glutamic- oxaloacetic transaminase
HTN hypertension
ICU intensive care unit
IV intravenous
LDH lactate dehydrogenase

LVAD left ventricular assist device

LVH left ventricular hypertrophy
MI myocardial infarction, mitral insufficiency
mmHg millimeters of mercury
MR mitral regurgitation
MS mitral stenosis
MVP mitral valve prolapse

P pulse
PAC premature atrial contraction
PDA patent ductus arteriosus
PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PVC premature ventricular contraction
S1 first heart sound
S2 second heart sound

SA, S-A sinoatrial

SGOT serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase
SK streptokinase
tPA tissue-type plasminogen activator
Vfib ventricular fibrillation
VSD ventricular septal defect
VT ventricular tachycardia


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Medical Terminology

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

● Functions of Cardiovascular (CV) System

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

● Organs of Cardiovascular System

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Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

● –manometer instrument to measure pressure

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● Also called circulatory system

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Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Click here to view an animation of the anatomy of the heart

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● Between heart and

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● Between heart and

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Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

● Located in the mediastinum

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Endocardium Myocardium Epicardium

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● Left and right upper

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● Left and right lower

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Click here to view an animation of the chambers of the heart.

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● Four valves in heart

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Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Click here to view an animation of atrial blood flow.

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Click here to view an animation of atrial contraction.

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Click here to view an animation of ventricular contraction.

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4. Relaxed left atrium

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5. Left atrium contracts

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● Heart chambers alternate between:

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● Autonomic nervous system controls heart rate

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1. Sinoatrial (SA) node,

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4. Electrical wave travels

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