Ii Spanish Republic

THE SECOND
SPANISH
REPUBLIC
• Failure of I Republic
• Succession of 4 different presidents (left and right-wing)
PREVIOUS • Bourbon Restoration
SCENARIO • Coup d’Etat Gral. Martínez Campos
• Cosntitutional Monarchy (Constitution 1876)
• Canovist system ≠ democratic
• Bipartisanship + electoral fraud
PREVIOUS SCENARIO
• Succession of 4 different presidents (left and
right wing)
• Bourbon Restoration
• Coup d’Etat Gral. Martínez Campos
PREVIOUS SCENARIO
right wing)
PREVIOUS SCENARIO
CONSERVATIVE LIBERAL
right wing)
PREVIOUS SCENARIO
• Alfonso XII (1874-1885)

• Conservative and liberal government under
the control of Canova and Sagasta
• Cuban War (68-78) → Peace of Zanjón
• Carlists / Republicans / Nationalists
• Regency of Mª Cristina (1885-1902)

• Carlist / Republicans / Nationalists
Hispano-Cuban War
• 1898 Disaster
Loss of the last colonies
PREVIOUS SCENARIO


Hispano-Cuban War
• 1898 Disaster
PREVIOUS SCENARIO


Hispano-Cuban War
• 1898 Disaster
PREVIOUS SCENARIO
• Alfonso XIII (1886-1902-1931)

• Regeneracionismo
• ideological movement in Spain
• end of 19th - beginning of 20th
• as a result of the 1898 disaster
• to reform social, economic and political structure
• Conservatives Silvela and Maura
• reforms to control abuses of local governments
• Liberal Canalejas
• limit influence of Catholic Church
• support the decentralization of the state
• little success of the reforms
PREVIOUS SCENARIO
• Alfonso XIII (1886-1902-1931) → Crisis
• Republicans
• Radical insurrectional movement
• Nationalism
• Catalonia and Basque Country (PNV) autonomy
• Labour movement
• Anarchist = strikes and violent actions
• Socialist = parliamentarian movement (PSOE)
• Social conflicts
• Rise in prices = strikes and land occupation
• Tragic week in Barcelona
• Payments to avoid military service
• Annual Disaster
• Morocco was a protectorate in 1921
• Stopped for WWII and taken again
• Bad strategy in the Rift = loss
PREVIOUS SCENARIO
• Republicans
• Nationalism
• Labour movement
• Annual Disaster
• Stopped for WWII and taken again Pablo Iglesias
• Bad strategy in the Rift = loss founder of PSOE & UGT
PREVIOUS SCENARIO
• Republicans
• Nationalism
• Labour movement
• Annual Disaster
PREVIOUS SCENARIO
• Republicans
• Nationalism
• Labour movement
• Annual Disaster
PREVIOUS SCENARIO
• Alfonso XIII (1886-1902-1931)

• Primo de Rivera coup d’état and dictatorship
• Constitution is suspended
• The Cortes are dissolved
• Popular at the beginning due to Morocco peace
• Maintaining power due to a strong economy
• 1929 crisis, hostility and loss of support
• Resignation (January 1930)
• “Soft” dictatorship with Berenguer
• Aznar’s presidency
• Municipal elections 12th April, 1931
• Gauge what people wanted
PREVIOUS SCENARIO
• Alfonso XIII (1886-1902-1931)

• Primo de Rivera coup d’état and dictatorship
• Constitution is suspended
• The Cortes are dissolved
• Popular at the beginning due to Morocco peace
• Maintaining power due to a strong economy
• 1929 crisis, hostility and loss of support
• Resignation (January 1930)
• “Soft” dictatorship with Berenguer
• Aznar’s presidency
• Municipal elections 12th April, 1931
• Gauge what people wanted
MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS - April 12 , 1931 th
landowners
Privileged army
Church
• Spanish society divided
laborers
Disadvantaged army
farming peasants
chance of modernizing the
country and achieve social
justice by changing the
political structure and avoiding
a social revolution
MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS ELECTORAL FRAUD
CONSERVATIVES MONARCHY RURAL AREAS

NON-FREE
NEW TRENDS
FREE
PROGRESIVES REPUBLIC URBAN AREAS

41 OF 50 MAIN CITIES
ALL THE TOWNS MAIN CITIES

From a Monarchy to a Republic
A monarchy was impossible without The elections held on Sunday clearly reveal to me that I do not
have the love of my people. My conscience tells me that this
the urban classes support, this is the deviation will not be definitive, because I always tried to serve
Spain, putting the only desire in the public interest even in the
reason why Alfonso XIII suspends most critical situations. A King can make a mistake, and no
royal power and leave Spain doubt I made a mistake at one time, but I know well that our
homeland was always generous in the face of guilt without
voluntarily to avoid a military malice. I am the King of all Spaniards and also a Spaniard. I
uprising that leads to a civil conflict would find ample means to maintain my royal prerogatives in
effective struggle against those who fight them; but resolutely
I want to get away from how much be throwing one
compatriot against another, in a fratricidal civil war. I do not
waive any of my rights, because more than mine are deposits
accumulated by the History of whose custody they will one day
ask me for a rigorous account. I hope to meet the authentic
expression of collective consciousness. While the nation
speaks I suspend deliberately exercising Royal Power,
recognizing it as the sole mistress of its destinies. I also want to
fulfill now the duty dictated by the love of the country. I pray
to God that also as I feel and comply with all the Spaniards.
Alfonso, King.
April 13th, 1931
Proclamation of the II Republic
Establishment on April 14th, 1931
of a new republican political
regime that succeeded the
Bourbon monarchy of Alfonso
XIII
On that same day the

Revolutionary Committee
became the
Provisional Government
→ Constituent Assembly Elections
Provisional REFORMS
Legalised political parties and unions
Government Granted amnesty for political prisoners
Created a provisional Generalitat (Catalonia)
Passed broad social laws:
- 8-hours working day
- minimum wage
- work insurance for accidents
PROBLEMS
 Convents were set on fire because of
its support to the monarchy
 Anarchists carried out worker’s strike
Niceto Alcalá Zamora Manuel Azaña calling for social revolution
President of the President of the
Provisional Government Provisional Government HELD ELECTIONS
4/14/31 - 10/14/31 10/14/31 - 12/11/31
Moderate Catholic Republican Left-wing Republican
June 1931, to Constituent Cortes
1931 CONSTITUTION
• Integral State with autonomous recognition
• Popular sovereignty
• Universal suffrage (women)
• Division of powers
• Legislative - Cortes
• Executive - Council of Ministers
• Judiciary - independent
• Non-confessional (secular) State
• Civil marriage and divorce
• Declaration of individual and collective rights
• work, health, home
• free and compulsory education
• Personal and public freedom
Progressive, democratic, left-wing Constitution, not supported by conservatives
Reformist AMBITIOUS REFORMS
ARMY → Retirement Law 1931
Biennium CHURCH → Separation of the State
TERRITORY → Decentralisation = Statutes
LAND → Agrarian Reform 1932
PROBLEMS
 Proposed deep, rapid and radical legislative
and social changes
 Did not consider the entire social reality to
combine modernity and traditionalism
 Took time to implement the measures,
especially the Agrarian Reform
Niceto Alcalá Zamora Manuel Azaña
President of President of CONSEQUENCES
the Republic the Government
12/11/31 - 04/07/36 12/16/31 - 09/12/33 Economic, labor, social and political tensions
Moderate Catholic Republican Left-wing Republican that led to a ministerial crisis and new elections
Retirement Law
Based on the retirement of the officers, due to
the unnecessary excessive number and
because they represented a traditional political
trend and on the subordination of the
Army to the civil government.
Separation of Church and State
The aim was to reduce the Church’s influence on
public life and education. Reforms included the
abolition of public spending on maintaining the
clergy as well as the dissolution of influential
religious orders dedicated to teaching, such as
the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Decentralisation
The existence of historical nationalities was
recognized with their own language and identity
and allowed regions to developed statues of
autonomy and establish autonomous
governments.
Catalonia was the first territory to accept the
autonomous prerogative. Following a provisional
Generalitat in 1931, and despite right-wing
opposition in the Cortes, the Statue of Autonomy
was passed in 1932.
In the Basque Country, a statute was drawn up and
passed in 1936 and in Galicia, the beginning of the
Civil War put a stop to the process.
Agrarian Reform
In Spain, especially in Andalusia and Extremadura, there were hundreds of
thousands of landless workers living in extreme poverty, while property was
concentrated in the hands of a few hundred landowners.
This law decreed that not cultivated large estates would be expropriated and
distributed among the landless peasants.
Land reform was difficult to implement due to the lack of resources to
compensate the landowners and he lawsuits that they filed,
reform was slow and limited.
Republican reformism faced
PROBLEMS 2 blocs of opposition:
Confrontation with those affected by the reform:
landowners, Catholic Church, the military hierarchy
and large parts of the upper and middle classes.
↓
In 1932, taking advantage of widespread
dissatisfaction with the government, General
Sanjurjo organized a military coup, which failed.
Criticism from left-wing groups, which was more

painful for the government. The slowness of the
reforms, especially land reform, angered some
labourers and workers.
↓
The UGT was radicalized and anarchist groups,
especially the FAI (Federación Anarquista Ibérica),
openly called for armed insurrection, organising
uprisings such as this in Casas Viejas (1933)
Republican reformism faced
PROBLEMS 2 blocs of opposition:
Confrontation with those affected by the reform:
LAND OWNERSHIP AND SOCIAL MOVEMENT landowners, Catholic Church, the military hierarchy
and large parts of the upper and middle classes.
↓
In 1932, taking advantage of widespread
dissatisfaction with the government, General
Sanjurjo organized a military coup, which failed.
Criticism from left-wing groups, which was more

painful for the government. The slowness of the
reforms, especially land reform, angered some
labourers and workers.
↓
The UGT was radicalized and anarchist groups,
especially the FAI (Federación Anarquista Ibérica),
openly called for armed insurrection, organising
uprisings such as this in Casas Viejas (1933)
First time women
were allowed to vote
NOVEMBER 1933
ELECTIONS
DIVIDED UNITED
LEFT-WING CENTRE & RIGHT-WING
PARTIES PARTIES
SPANISH
RADICAL REPUBLICAN CONFEDERATION OF
REPUBLICANS SOCIALISTS
CENTRE PARTY (PRR) THE AUTONOMOUS
RIGHT (CEDA)
Conservative / Radical-Cedista Biennium
1st Phase 2nd Phase
RADICAL REPUBLICAN PARTY (PRR) CEDA MINISTERS INTO GOVERNMENT
in charge of forming the government = strong opposition from the left-wing
support of the CEDA ↓
REVOLUTION OF OCTOBER 1934
NICETO ALCALÁ ZAMORA
PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC CATALONIA
declared itself independent
ALEJANDRO LERROUX (PRR)
PRESIDENT OF THE GOVERNMENT
ASTURIAS
insurrectionary movement, driven by
socialists, communist and anarchists,
paralysed much of the reform process declared a social revolution and occupied
begun by the previous government the mining area
REVOLUTION
OF OCTOBER
1934
It consisted of a general strike and an
armed insurrection, mainly in Asturias,
although to a lesser extent in Barcelona,
Madrid, Valencia and Guipúzcoa.
It was a consequence of the ideology
defended by the socialists Largo Caballero
and Indalecio Prieto, who conceived the
Republic as a transition to socialism,
which could not be carried out in a
peaceful and legal manner.
The trigger was the entry of the CEDA
minister into the government, who
socialists, communists and anarchists
identified with fascism.
REVOLUTION
OF OCTOBER
1934
It consisted of a general strike and an
armed insurrection, mainly in Asturias,
although to a lesser extent in Barcelona,
Madrid, Valencia and Guipúzcoa.
It was a consequence of the ideology
defended by the socialists Largo Caballero
and Indalecio Prieto, who conceived the
Republic as a transition to socialism,
which could not be carried out in a
peaceful and legal manner.
Largo Caballero Indalecio Prieto
The trigger was the entry of the CEDA
Leader of PSOE and UGT Politician of PSOE
minister into the government, who President of Minister of
socialists, communists and anarchists the Government the Government
identified with fascism. 09/36 - 05/37 31/33 - 36/37
REVOLUTION OF
OCTOBER 1934
The Generalitat proclaimed the Catalan State
within the Spanish Federal Republic.
Both movements were severely repressed by
the government, resulting in many casualties
and detentions in Asturias.
In Catalonia, the Statute was suspended and
the government of Lluis Company arrested.
scenas de combate durante la Insurrección de Asturias 1934 [R

STAURADO] [60FPS] [Sonido Original] - YouTube
• After the revolution of October 1934, POPULAR
FRONT
the differences between the Radical
Party and the CEDA increased.
Left-wing parties
Left-wing
• Some Radical Party ministers were joined together
parties joined
involved in various scandals and the
president called elections in 1936.
Republicans Socialists Communists
Right-wing
parties
CEDA PRR
José Calvo Sotelo J.Antonio Primo de Rivera support for Spanish

National Bloc
National Bloc Spanish Falange radical parties Falange
1936 ELECTIONS = POLARISATION OF SOCIETY
51
526 615
278
4 654 116
124
4 503 524
SEATS TOTAL VOTES
The results show that even though

the left-wing won more than twice
of seats in total votes Spain was
politically split between right-wing
and left-wing parties.
ELECTORAL PROPAGANDA POSTERS FROM THE ELECTIONS OF 1936
REFORMS
Popular Front Reinstated the reform program begun in 1931, but

with greater initiative and more political experience.
PROBLEMS
 Conflicting ideas and discourses, the revolutionary of
Largo Caballero and the antiliberal and
antidemocratic of Calvo Sotelo, which not only mean
a fragmentation in the Cortes but in society.
 Casares Quiroga’s lack of government skills and
Calvo Sotelo’s (who faced with the expectation of a
Marxist revolution) constant calls to the army’s
insurrection, as the only way to solve the political
and social situation through the establishment of a
military dictatorship through a coup d’Etat.
 Military opposition led by Mola, Franco, Varela and
Sanjurjo made contact with extreme right groups
Manuel Azaña Casares Quiroga and began to organized a coup.
President of President of
the Republic the Government  Street violence between political adverse groups,
05/11/36 - 03/03/39 05/13/36 - 07/18/33 with civilian deaths every day for both sides, in a
state of latent civil war.
FRANCO VARELA MOLA SANJURJO
Military movement agreed upon by Franco, Valera and Mola,
who was also in charge of designing it. The movement would be launched when the
homeland was considered to be in extreme danger. It would start as military and then
the civilians would join. They would intend to take Madrid in 10 days and establish a
republican military dictatorship presided by Sanjurjo.
FRANCO VARELA MOLA SANJURJO
The military approach of the rebels was

to overthrow the Popular Front but not the Republic.

Ii Spanish Republic

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Ii Spanish Republic

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THE SECOND

• Alfonso XII (1874-1885)

• Regency of Mª Cristina (1885-1902)

• Alfonso XII (1874-1885)

• Regency of Mª Cristina (1885-1902)

• Alfonso XII (1874-1885)

• Regency of Mª Cristina (1885-1902)

• Alfonso XIII (1886-1902-1931)

• Alfonso XIII (1886-1902-1931)

• Alfonso XIII (1886-1902-1931)

CONSERVATIVES MONARCHY RURAL AREAS

PROGRESIVES REPUBLIC URBAN AREAS

ALL THE TOWNS MAIN CITIES

On that same day the

Criticism from left-wing groups, which was more

Criticism from left-wing groups, which was more

scenas de combate durante la Insurrección de Asturias 1934 [R

José Calvo Sotelo J.Antonio Primo de Rivera support for Spanish

SEATS TOTAL VOTES

The results show that even though

Popular Front Reinstated the reform program begun in 1931, but

The military approach of the rebels was

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