Title: Potentiometry

Submitted by: Mobashra tuba

Reg no:Dph-fa20-054
Submitted to: Mam Moazzma Akbar
Subject: Pharmaceutical analysis
The university of Faisalabad
 Content

• Introduction of Potentiometry
• Principle
• Instrumentation and working
• Electrodes and their types
• Application
 Introduction
• Potentiometry is a technique that is used in analytical chemistry, usually to find the concentration
of a solute in solution. In this technique, the potential between two electrodes is measured using a
high-impedance voltmeter (Wang, 2000). Use of a high-impedance voltmeter ensures that current
flow is negligible.
 Principle

• Measurements are carried out with a potentiometer, determining the potential difference between
an indicator or working electrode and a reference electrode by the addition of titrant It determines
the analyte concentration by a change in the concentration of ions
• In the half of the cell where the indicator electrode is located, there is the solution whose
concentration is to be measured, while in the other half we have the reference electrode, immersed
in a solution whose concentration is known.
• Two halves are connected by a salt bridge, which is basically an inert electrode, usually KCl,
which allows the displacement of ions between the two half-cells, thus completing the electrical
circuit.
 Instrumentation and working

• Reference electrode
• Indicator electrode
• Potential measuring device
• Salt bridge
 Electrodes

There are two electrodes that include in Potentiometry

• Reference electrode
• Indicator electrode
Reference electrode
1. Standard hydrogen electrode
2. Calomel electrode
Standard hydrogen electrode
• In standard hydrogen electrode 1M HCl is taken and hydrogen gas is taken at 1atm pressure and temperature is maintained at
25℃. In these conditions its standard reduction potential and standard oxidation potential is always zero. This is the reason it can
be used as a reference electrode.This electrode composition include platinum.The surface of platinum can be covered with
platinum black, a fine powder of platinum. This type of platinum electrode is called a platinized platinum electrode.
Calomel electrode
• To provide an external electrical contact, a platinum wire enclosed within a glass
tube and immersed in a layer of mercury is employed. The side tube makes
electrical contact with a salt bridge.
• Depending on the nature of the other electrodes in the cell, the calomel electrode
can function as an anode or a cathode
Standard hydrogen electrode
 Indicator electrode

There are two types of indicator electrode

• Metal indicator electrode
• Ion selective electrode
1. Metal indicator electrode
. In redox methods an indicator electrode is used to sense the presence or change in concentration of the oxidized
and reduced forms of a redox couple. Usually, the indicator electrode is an inert noble metal, such as Pt, and the
potential of the cell is measured vs a reference electrode.There are some types of metal indicator electrode:
• First kind electrode
• Second kind electrode
• Third kind electrode
• Ion selective electrode
• Ion selective electrodes allow us to measure the activity of a specific ion
in a sample, by measuring the potential of a measuring cell which has a
membrane that is specific to a certain ion, against the potential of a
reference cell.
 Applications

Analysis of pollutants in water

Drug Analysis in Pharmaceutical industry
Food industry for analysis of quality
Biochemical and biological Assay or analysis To check the quality of cosmetics
• Also used as analytical tool in Textile, paper, paints, explosive energy and more.
 Reference

• https://hive.blog/hive-196387/@yusvelasquez/potentiometric-analysis
• https://www.priyamstudycentre.com/2022/05/ion-selective-electrode.html
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/indicator-electrode#:~:tex
t=INTRODUCTION,measured%20vs%20a%20reference%20electrode