Course : ISYE6157011 – Human-Integrated Systems

Year : 2023

Module 4
Fatigue and Energy
Consumption
 Objectives:
1. To provide workload determinant knowledge based upon
physiological criteria.
2. To measure workload in correlation between metabolism,
respiration, body temperature and heart rate.
3. To provide adequate knowledge and understanding in
order to design work system through biomechanics work
aspect and measurement.
4. To be able to determine specific workload magnitude using
three variables: heart rate, energy expenditure and rest
time.
5. To analyze energy consumption of heart rate and rest time
that can come out due to specific workload.
 Objectives:
6. To be able to use the Cocorometer
7. To be able to do survey using questionnaires (Well-
Being, Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory (SOFI)
and Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS)).
8. To analyze the result of Cocorometer and survey
collected.
9. To propose improvement at the work system
regarding mental stress.
 Textbooks
• Freivalds, A., & Niebel, B. (2014). Niebel's
Methods, Standards, and Work Design
(12th ed.). USA: McGraw Hill International
Edition.
• Kroemer, K. H. (2017). Fitting the Human:
Introduction to Ergonomics (7th ed.).
Florida: CRC Press.
• Module 04 Fatigue and Energy
consumption
 What is Energy Consumption?
Wignjosoebroto (2008) defines physical work
as work that obtained physical energy from
human muscle as power source, in which
energy consumption is the main determinant
factor for workload magnitude.
 Basal Metabolism

In the digestion of food, carbohydrates, fats, and

proteins are metabolized to form energy-containing
substances used for life-sustaining processes, work,
growth and recuperation. At rest, this energy is called
Basal Metabolism (Toomingas, et al., 2012).
Faktor:
• jenis kelamin,
• usia,
• ukuran dan komposisi tubuh,
• faktor pertumbuhan.

Metabolisme basal juga dipengaruhi oleh faktor

lingkungan seperti suhu,kelembaban,dan keadaan
emosi atau stress.
 Metabolic Equivalent Task
(MET)

(Toomingas, et al., 2016)

 Classification of Task

(Toomingas, et al., 2016)

 Work Ability

(Toomingas, et al., 2016)

Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi work ability:
1. Kurangnya pelatihan dapat mempengaruhi limit work ability
2. Psychological dan social capabilities (good memory, problem-solving
skills, verbal ability, stress tolerance, and emphaty)
3. Penyakit dan permasalahan fisik lainnya
4. Komplikasi akibat kecelakaan
5. Kurangnya motivasi kerja
6. Kondisi sosial
7. Usia (adanya penurunan kekuatan otot, pandangan dan
pendengaran)

Sumber: (Toomingas et al, 2016)

 Tabel Observasi
Speed DNo (heart DNi (heart E (kcal/
No Gender
(km/hour) rate/minute) rate/minute) minute)
10
1 Male  15
20
10
2 Female 15
20

Exercise -> Ergobike  

with:
• 10 km/hour 1,33= Basal Metabolism (Kcal)
• 15 km/hour E = Energy consumption (Kcal)
• 20 km/hour DNo = heart rate before work (rate per minute)
DNi = heart rate after work (rate per minute)
 Tabel Observasi
Frequency DNo (heart DNi (heart E (kcal/
No Gender
(Reps) rate/minute) rate/minute) minute)
20
1 Male 30
40
20
2 Female 30
40

 
Exercise -> Footstep
with:
• 20 Reps 1,33= Basal Metabolism (Kcal)
E = Energy consumption (Kcal)
• 30 Reps 
DNo = heart rate before work (rate per minute)
• 40 Reps DNi = heart rate after work (rate per minute)
 Average Energy Consumption
Speed (km/hour) Average
DNo (heart DNi (heart E (kcal/
No Gender or E (kcal/
rate/minute) rate/minute) Minute)
Frequency (Reps) Minute)

 
Contoh Perhitungan
 Correlation
Speed (km/hour)
or DNo DNi DNi-DNo E (y) xy r
Frequency (Reps)
(x)

Where:
r = correlation x = independent variable (speed/repetition)
n = number of item (3) y = dependent variable (E)
Contoh Perhitungan

Jika nilai r didapatkan = 1,

maka menunjukkan bahwa
hubungan antara kecepatan
dengan konsumsi energi
berkaitan erat, dan sebaliknya
bila nilai r = -1.
 Metabolic Equivalent Task
DNi (heart
No Gender Classifications METs Occupation
rate/minute)

2
 Break time method
E (kcal/ Average E Break Time
No Gender R
minute) (kcal/minute) (minutes)

  Where:
R = break time needed
(percentage)
W = average of energy
consumption (average E)
Contoh Perhitungan

Klasifikasi Nilai Break Time:

● Negatif (-) → tidak membutuhkan
istirahat untuk melanjutkan
pekerjaan berikutnya.
● Positif (+) → membutuhkan istirahat
untuk dapat melanjutkan pekerjaan
berikutnya.
 What is Stress?
Stress is the reaction of a human to an external stimuli (stressor).
In biological context, is a physical, mental, or emotional factor
that causes bodily or mental tension. Stresses can be external (from
the environment, psychological, or social situations) or internal
(illness, or from a medical procedure).
Eustress
Positive stress which health and performance continue
to improve even as stress increases
Distress
Refers to the unpleasant or harmful stress under which
health and performance begin to deteriorate.
 How to use the Cocorometer?
1. Measures salivary amylase level
2. Collect the saliva from under your tongue using the
collecting strip
3. Pull the other end of the tip until it clicks
4. Put it inside the Cocorometer
5. Pull up the locking mechanism
6. Wait until it beeps
7. Pull down the locking mechanism
Cocorometer test result 8. Pull the strip again without removing it
9. Wait until the result is shown

Cocorometer Guide:
• Test your stress level using
Cocorometer
• Do the Kraeplin Test (5 mins)
• Test your stress level again
• Compare the result
 Well-Being Questionnaire

Well-Being Questionnaire (W-BQ) is a questionnaire to measure a condition of general

life satisfaction, which is felt by the individual in a fairly long/stable period of time (e.g. 6
months), which is reflected in his/her satisfaction with his general health, satisfaction
with the use of his/her free time, and satisfaction with the work he/she does.

Well-Being is a closed variable (latent variable) that can only be measured through the
indicators that represent it (open variable/observed variable), namely health satisfaction,
satisfaction with the use of leisure time, and job satisfaction; through reliable test items.

Source: (Ho, H. C., 2018)

 Well-Being Questionnaire

• Health satisfaction: reflects satisfaction with health conditions that are not
problematic in general (measured through test items numbered 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, and
9).
• Satisfaction with the use of leisure time: reflects satisfaction with the free
time they have, because they are able to psychologically escape from problems
at work so they have a positive mood and do not feel psychological fatigue
after work (measured through test items number 4, 5 , 7, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
and 19).
• Job satisfaction: reflects satisfaction with work that makes him/her want to
work in the same organization (measured through test items number 10, 11,
12).

Source: (Ho, H. C., 2018)

Well-Being Questionnaire
 Fatigue
Fatigue is a suboptimal psychophysiological condition caused by
exertion. The degree and dimensional character of the condition
depends on the form, dynamic, and context of exertion.
Source: (Ross O. Phillips, 2015)

Type of Fatigue
• Muscular Fatigue • Nervous Fatique
• General Fatigue • Chronic Fatique
• Eye Fatigue • Circadian Fatigue
• General Bodily Fatigue
• Mental Fatigue
Source: (Kroemer K., Fitting to The Human, 2017)
SOFI (Swedish Occupational Fatigue
Inventory)
SOFI questionnaire is a questionnaire
that developed to contribute understand
the concept of fatigue by investigating
the subjective quality of fatigue in
people at different jobs.

SOFI consists of 25 question items that

represent five factors, i.e. Physical
exertion, Physical discomfort, Lack of
energy, Lack of Motivation, and
Sleepiness.
Source: (Santos, Carvalhas, & Ramos, 2017)
 FAS
(Fatigue Assessment Scale)

FAS questionnaire is a questionnaire that

provides information about the physical
and psychological aspects of fatigue. The
questionnaire provides a single overall
score that measures its intensity.

FAS consists of 10 question items of

fatigue. Five questions reflect physical
fatigue and five reflect mental fatigue.

Source: (Hendriks, Elfferich, Drent, & De Vries, 2018)

Tabel Observasi