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Geothermal energy
• heat (thermal) from
the earth (geo)
• thermal energy in
the rock and fluid that
fills fractures and pores
within the rock in the
earth’s crust.
Centrifugal Separator
Steam Turbine
CS Generator
3
2 ST G
Steam-jet
Ejector
WH 7
4 SJE
Cooling Tower
8 Cooling
Well Head
Losses
CT Direct-Contact
Condensate DCC Condenser
Pump
6 5
CP
9 7'
1 GROUND
Alternate
Well Reinjection Well Reinjection
Flashed Steam (Liquid-Dominated)
4 Steam Turbine
Generator
Cooling Tower
ST G
Cooling
CT Losses
10
2 Flash
3 Separator 6
9
11
WH Direct-Contact
Blowdown
BP
DCC Condenser
Pump
Well Head
8
5 7
CP
1 GROUND
Condensate
Well Spent Brine Condensate Blowdown Pump
Double-Flash System Components
Figure 12-10 Schematic of Liquid-Dominated, Double-Flash Steam System
4
Steam Turbine
10 Generator
Double- 7 9
Flash Cooling Tower
Separator
Cooling LP G
s HP
Losses
15 CT
2
3 6 11' 11
14
16
WH Direct-Contact
Blowdown DCC
BP
Condenser
Pump
Well Head
13
5 8 12
CP
1 GROUND
Condensate
Well Spent Brine Condensate Blowdown Pump
Binary-Cycle (Liquid-Dominated)
3 Steam
Cooling Tower
Generator
Heat
Exchange
ST G CT
1 Pump
2 4
Makeup
Water
WH
SC
Pump
6
Well Head Surface
CP 5 Condenser
Ejector
BP
Condensate
Pump
Blowdown
GROUND Pump
Well Reinjection
Future Geothermal Technologies
Hybrid Geothermal-fossil-fuel systems utilize the
low-temperature heat of geothermal sources in the
low end of a conventional cycle and the high-
temperature heat from the fossil-fuel combustion in
the high end of cycle to increase thermal efficiency
and reduce fossil fuel consumption. The two
possible arrangements are:
Geothermal preheat - uses geothermal heat to
preheat to its saturation point the feedwater of a
conventional fossil-fueled plant. No steam is bled
from the LP turbines to preheat the water, thus
increasing power output.
Fossil superheat - uses fossil fuel to superheat the
vapor obtained from a flash separator to raise
temperature and efficiency of the steam cycle.
Emissions from Geothermal Plants